Soy sauce
Encyclopedia : S : SO : SOY : Soy sauce
| Soy Sauce (Soya Sauce) | |
|---|---|
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| Mandarin Chinese Name | |
| Traditional characters | 醬油 |
| Simplified characters | 酱油 |
| Romanization | jiàng yóu |
| Shanghainese Chinese Name | |
| Traditional characters | |
| Simplified characters | |
| Romanization | |
| Cantonese Chinese Name | |
| Traditional characters | 豉油 |
| Simplified characters | 豉油 |
| Romanization | si6 yau4 |
| Min Nan Chinese Name | |
| Traditional characters | |
| Simplified characters | |
| Romanization | |
| Hakka Chinese Name | |
| Traditional characters | |
| Simplified characters | |
| Romanization | |
| Japanese Name | |
| Hepburn Romaji | shō-yu |
| Kanji | 醤油 |
| Korean Name | |
| Revised Romanization | ganjang |
| Hangul | 간장 |
| Vietnamese Name | |
| Quốc ngữ | xì dầu or tương |
Soy sauce (US) or soya sauce is a fermented sauce made from soybeans (soya beans), roasted grain, water and salt. The sauce, originating in China, is commonly used in East and South Eastern Asian cuisine and appears in some Western cuisine dishes, especially as an ingredient in Worcestershire sauce.
Contents
Basic production overview
Authentic soy sauces are fermented with kōji (, the mold Aspergillus oryzae or A. sojae) and other related microorganisms. Authentic soy sauces are made from whole soybeans, but many cheaper brands are made from hydrolized soy protein instead. These soy sauces do not have the natural color of authentic soy sauces and are typically colored with caramel coloring.Virtually all soy sauce has some alcohol added during bottling, which acts as a preservative to protect against spoilage. Accordingly, soy sauce should always be kept refrigerated and out of direct light. An opened bottle of soy sauce that has been left unrefrigerated could become slightly bitter.
Although there are many types of soy sauce, all are salty and earthy-tasting brownish liquids used to season food while cooking or at the table. What some westerners can only describe as a flavorful, kind of sweet taste is a distinct basic taste called "umami" by the Japanese and "xian-wei" (, lit. "fresh taste") by the Chinese.
Large-scale soy-sauce production
There are a lot of types that are both naturally and chemically manufactured, and there are a number of all-purpose and specialized sauces. Kikkoman, the world's largest soy sauce producer, makes its soy sauce by a natural process in which soybeans and wheat are fermented by microorganisms.Making soy-sauce at home
Just like other fermented soy products such as miso, soy milk, tofu and others, soy-sauce can be made at home. The traditional method requires mixing a special Koji (Aspergillus oryzae) with the soy beans.Types
Soy sauce originated in China and it is widely used in Chinese cuisine. It is also used in various cuisines across Asia and is a particularly important flavoring in Japanese cuisine. However, Chinese and Japanese soy sauces are substantially different, and it is rarely appropriate to substitute one for the other.Chinese soy sauce
Chinese soy sauces are primarily made from soybeans, with relatively low amounts of other grains. There are three main varieties:- Light/fresh soy sauce ("Shēngchōu"; ): A light (as in non-viscous) opaque dark brown soy sauce. It is the main soy sauce used for seasoning, since it is saltier. Since it is lighter, it does not greatly affect the color of the dish. The light soy sauce made from the first pressing of the soybeans is called Touchōu (頭抽), which can be loosely translated as first soy sauce or referred to as premium light soy sauce. Touchōu is often sold at a premium because of better taste (similar to extra virgin olive oil).
- Dark/old soy sauce ("Lǎochōu"; ): A dark, thick soy sauce that is aged longer and contains added molasses to give it its distinctive look. This variety is mainly used during cooking since its flavour develops under heating. It has a richer, slightly sweeter, and less salty flavour than light soy sauce. Dark soy sauce is partly used to add color to a dish.
- Thick soy sauce (醬油膏 or 蔭油膏): Dark soy sauce that has been thickened with starch and sugar. It is also occasionally flavored with MSG. This sauce is not usually used directly in cooking but more often as a dipping sauce or poured on food as a flavorful addition.
- Dark soy paste (黄酱): Although not really a soy sauce, it is another salty soy product. It is one of the main ingredients in a dish called zhajiang mian (, lit. "fried paste noodles").
Indonesian soy sauce
In Indonesia, soy sauce is known as kecap (a catchall term for fermented sauces), from which according to one theory the English word "ketchup" is derived. Two main varieties exist:
- Kecap asin: Salty soy sauce, which is very similar to Chinese light soy sauce, but usually somewhat thicker and has a stronger flavor; it can be replaced by light Chinese soy sauce in recipes.
- Kecap manis: Sweet soy sauce, which has a thick, almost syrupy consistency and a pronounced sweet, treacle-like flavor due to generous addition of palm sugar. It is a unique variety; in a pinch, it may be replaced by molasses with a little vegetable stock stirred in.
There are many brands of Indonesian Soy Sauce, for example Bango brand, ABC Brand and IndoFood Brand which are known in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. [Oei Hok Hoo Brand] is a home made Kecap Manis from Purwodadi, Central Java. In Europe, Conimex, the Dutch Indonesian food manufacturer is known for its Kecap Manis.
Japanese soy sauce
Japanese soy sauce, or shō-yu (しょうゆ, or , ) - is traditionally divided into five main categories, depending on differences in their ingredients and method of production. Japanese soy sauces include wheat as a primary ingredient, and this tends to give them a slightly sweeter taste than their Chinese counterparts; they also have a somewhat alcoholic, sherry-like flavor. Japanese and Chinese soy sauce are not really interchangeable in recipes; Chinese dark soy sauce comes closer to Japanese one in overall flavor, but not in the intensity of the flavor or the texture.
- Koikuchi () - Originating in the Kantō region, its usage eventually spread all over Japan. Over 80% of the Japanese domestic soy sauce production is of koikuchi, and can be considered the typical Japanese soy sauce. It is produced from roughly equal quantities of soybean and wheat. This variety is also called Kijōyu () or namashōyu (生しょうゆ) when it is not pasteurized.
- Usukuchi () - Particularly popular in the Kansai region of Japan, it is both saltier and lighter in color than koikuchi. The lighter color arises from the usage of amazake, a sweet liquid made from fermented rice, that is used in its production.
- Tamari (たまり) - Produced mainly in the Chūbu region of Japan, tamari is produced mainly from soybean, with only a small amount of wheat. Consequently, it is much darker in appearance and richer in flavour than koikuchi. It is the "original" Japanese soy sauce, as its recipe is closest to the soy sauce originally introduced to Japan from China. Technically, this variety is known as miso-damari (味噌溜り), as this is the liquid that runs off miso as it matures.
- Shiro (, lit. "white") - A very light colored soy sauce. In contrast to "tamari" soy sauce, "shiro" soy sauce uses more wheat and very little soybean, lending it a light appearance and sweet taste. It is more commonly used in the Kansai region to highlight the appearances of food, for example sashimi.
- Saishikomi (再仕込, twice-brewed) - This variety substitutes previously-made koikuchi for the brine normally used in the process. Consequently, it is much darker and more strongly flavored. This type is also known as kanro shoyu (甘露 醤油) or "sweet shoyu".
- genen () - Low-salt soy sauces also exist, but are not considered to be a separate variety of soy sauce, since the reduction in salt content is a process performed outside of the standard manufacture of soy sauce.
- amakuchi () - Called "Hawaiian Soy Sauce" in those few parts of the US familiar with it, this is a variant of "koikuchi" soy sauce.
- honjōzō hōshiki (本醸造 方式) - Contains 100% naturally fermented product.
- shinshiki hōshiki (新式 方式) - Contains 30-50% naturally fermented product.
- aminosanekikongō hōshiki (アミノ酸混合 方式) - Contains 0% fermented product; is a modified vegetable extract. This is referred to as "liquid aminos" in the US and Canada.
- tennen jōzō (天然 醸造) - Means no added ingredients except alcohol.
- hyōjun (標準) - Standard pasteurized.
- tokkyū (特級) - Special quality, not pasteurized.
- tokusen (特選) - Premium quality, usually implies limited quantity.
- abuakane (初茜) - Refers to industrial grade used for flavoring, powder.
- chōtokusen (超特選) - Used by marketers to imply the best.
Korean soy sauce
Korean soy sauce, or Joseon ganjang (조선간장) is a byproduct of doenjang, Korean bean paste. Joseon ganjang, thin and dark brown in texture, is made entirely of soy and brine, and is very salty.Health
Soy sauce does not contain the beneficial isoflavones associated with other soy products such as tofu or edamame. Soy sauce contains a small amount of naturally occurring monosodium glutamate (MSG). It can also be extremely salty, so it is not a suitable condiment for some people, and should generally be taken in moderation. Low-salt soy sauces are produced, but it is impossible to make soy sauce without using some quantity of salt.Cancer link
In 2001 the UK Food Standards Agency found in tests of various soy sauces (those made from hydrolized soy protein, rather then being naturally fermented) that some 22% of samples contained a chemical called 3-MCPD (3-monochloropropane-1,3-diol) at levels considerably higher than those deemed safe by the EU. About two-thirds of these samples also contained a second chemical called 1,3-DCP (1,3-dichloropropane-2-ol) which experts advise should not be present at any levels in food. Both chemicals have the potential to cause cancer and the Agency recommended that the affected products be withdrawn from shelves and avoided. See http://www.food.gov.uk/news/pressreleases/2001/jun/soysaucerecall for further information.
| Herbs, seasonings and spices | |
| Herbs | basil · bay leaf · borage · chives · coriander leaf (a.k.a. cilantro) · dill · marjoram · fennel · mint · oregano · parsley · rosemary · sage · savory · tarragon · thyme · |
| Seasonings | curry powder · lemon · liquorice · MSG · onion powder · saccharin · salt · stevia · sugar · vanilla · vinegar · |
| Spices | allspice · anise · cardamom · cayenne pepper · chile powder · cinnamon · clove · coriander seeds · cumin · fenugreek · garlic · ginger · nutmeg · paprika · pepper · saffron · sarsaparilla · sassafras · tamarind · turmeric · white mustard · |
External links
- [Kikkoman] - one of the world's leading producers of soy sauce. Primarily produces Japanese style soy sauce
- [Wuan Chuang] - A premier soy sauce maker in Taiwan that specializes in black bean soy sauce.
- [San-J] - Pictorial description of the brewing process at San-Jirushi site, another large producer.
- [Comprehensive Korean soy sauce information]
- [Knowingfood.com] - A collection of Chinese and other Asian food recipes cooked with soy sauce.
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