Table of Chinese monarchs
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Below is a table of Chinese monarchs.
From the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, rulers usually held the title King (Chinese: 王 Wáng). With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang created a new title for himself, that of Emperor (皇帝 Huángdì). This title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's Imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912.
Chinese monarchs were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names - for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing - but where possible the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.
These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.
Contents
Ca. 2070 BC - 1600 BC1
| Reign name² | Notes | Name by which most commonly known | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yǔ | 禹 | Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹 | Yu |
| Qǐ | 啟 | Son of Yǔ: beginning of hereditary succession | Qi |
| Tài Kāng | 太康 | Tai Kang | |
| Zhòng Kāng | 仲康 | Zhong Kang | |
| Xiāng | 相 | Xiang | |
| Shào Kāng | 少康 | Shao Kang | |
| Zhù | 杼 | Zhu | |
| Huái | 槐 | Huai | |
| Máng | 芒 | Mang | |
| Xie | 泄 | Xie | |
| Bù Jiàng | 不降 | Bu Jiang | |
| Jiōng | 扃 | Jiong | |
| Jǐn | 廑 | Jin | |
| Kǒng Jiǎ | 孔甲 | Kong Jia | |
| Gāo | 皋 | Gao | |
| Fā | 發 | Fa | |
| Jié | 桀 | Also known as: Lǚ Gǔi, 履癸 | Jie |
| 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | |||
| 2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (夏), for example Xià Yǔ (夏禹). | |||
Ca. 1600 BC - 1046 BC1
| Personal name | Reign name² | Temple name³ | Reign years1 | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tang 湯 | 1600 BC - 1300 BC | Tang | ||
| Wai Bing 外丙 | Wai Bing | |||
| Zhong Ren 仲壬 | Zhong Ren | |||
| Tai Jia 太甲 | Tai Jia | |||
| Wo Ding 沃丁 | Wo Ding | |||
| Tai Geng 太庚 | Tai Geng | |||
| Xiao Jia 小甲 | Xiao Jia | |||
| Yong Ji 雍己 | Yong Ji | |||
| Tai Wu 太戊 | Tai Wu | |||
| Zhong Ding 仲丁 | Zhong Ding | |||
| Wai Ren 外壬 | Wai Ren | |||
| He Dan Jia 河亶甲 | He Dan Jia | |||
| Zu Yi 祖乙 | Zu Yi | |||
| Zu Xin 祖辛 | Zu Xin | |||
| Wo Jia 沃甲 | Wo Jia | |||
| Zu Ding 祖丁 | Zu Ding | |||
| Nan Geng 南庚 | Nan Geng | |||
| Yang Jia 陽甲 | Yang Jia | |||
| Pan Geng 盤庚 | 1300 BC - 1251 BC | Pan Geng4 | ||
| Xiao Xin 小辛 | Xiao Xin | |||
| Xiao Yi 小乙 | Xiao Yi | |||
| Wu Ding 武丁 | 1250 BC - 1192 BC | Wu Ding | ||
| Zu Geng 祖庚 | 1191 BC - 1148 BC | Zu Geng | ||
| Zu Jia 祖甲 | Zu Jia | |||
| Lin Xin 廩辛 | Lin Xin | |||
| Geng Ding 庚丁 | Kang Ding 康丁 | Kang Ding | ||
| Wu Yi 武乙 | 1147 BC - 1113 BC | Wu Yi | ||
| Wen Ding5 文丁 | 1112 BC - 1102 BC | Wen Ding | ||
| Di Yi 帝乙 | 1101 BC - 1076 BC | Di Yi | ||
| Zi Zhou 子紂 | Di Xin 帝辛 | 1075 BC - 1046 BC | Di Xin | |
| 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | ||||
| 2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商), for example Shang Tang (商湯). | ||||
| 3 The name used in the oracle bone inscription records of ancestral sacrifice. | ||||
| 4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin. | ||||
| 5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁). | ||||
Mid 11th century BC - 256 BC, traditionally divided into:
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign years1 | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ji Fa 姬發 | Wuwang 武王 | 1046 BC-1043 BC1 | Zhou Wuwang (King Wu of Zhou) |
| Ji Song 姬誦 | Chengwang 成王 | 1042 BC-1021 BC1 | Zhou Chengwang (King Cheng of Zhou) |
| Ji Zhao 姬釗 | Kangwang 康王 | 1020 BC-996 BC1 | Zhou Kangwang (King Kang of Zhou) |
| Ji Xia 姬瑕 | Zhaowang 昭王 | 995 BC-977 BC1 | Zhou Zhaowang (King Zhao of Zhou) |
| Ji Man 姬滿 | Muwang 穆王 | 976 BC-922 BC1 | Zhou Muwang (King Mu of Zhou) |
| Ji Yihu 姬繄扈 | Gongwang 共王 | 922 BC-900 BC1 | Zhou Gongwang (King Gong of Zhou) |
| Ji Jian 姬囏 | Yiwang 懿王 | 899 BC-892 BC1 | Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou) |
| Ji Pifang 姬辟方 | Xiaowang 孝王 | 891 BC-886 BC1 | Zhou Xiaowang (King Xiao of Zhou) |
| Ji Xie 姬燮 | Yiwang 夷王 | 885 BC-878 BC1 | Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou) |
| Ji Hu 姬胡 | Liwang 厲王 | 877 BC-841 BC1 | Zhou Liwang (King Li of Zhou) |
| Gonghe (regency) 共和 | 841 BC-828 BC | Gonghe | |
| Ji Jing 姬靜 | Xuanwang 宣王 | 827 BC-782 BC | Zhou Xuanwang (King Xuan of Zhou) |
| Ji Gongsheng 姬宮湦 | Youwang 幽王 | 781 BC-771 BC | Zhou Youwang (King You of Zhou) |
| Ji Yijiu 姬宜臼 | Pingwang 平王 | 770 BC-720 BC | Zhou Pingwang (King Ping of Zhou) |
| Ji Lin 姬林 | Huanwang 桓王 | 719 BC-697 BC | Zhou Huanwang (King Huan of Zhou) |
| Ji Tuo 姬佗 | Zhuangwang 莊王 | 696 BC-682 BC | Zhou Zhuangwang (King Zhuang of Zhou) |
| Ji Huqi 姬胡齊 | Xiwang 釐王 | 681 BC-677 BC | Zhou Xiwang (King Xi of Zhou) |
| Ji Lang 姬閬 | Huiwang 惠王 | 676 BC-652 BC | Zhou Huiwang (King Hui of Zhou) |
| Ji Zheng 姬鄭 | Xiangwang 襄王 | 651 BC-619 BC | Zhou Xiangwang (King Xiang of Zhou) |
| Ji Renchen 姬壬臣 | Qingwang 頃王 | 618 BC-613 BC | Zhou Qingwang (King Qing of Zhou) |
| Ji Ban 姬班 | Kuangwang 匡王 | 612 BC-607 BC | Zhou Kuangwang (King Kuang of Zhou) |
| Ji Yu 姬瑜 | Dingwang 定王 | 606 BC-586 BC | Zhou Dingwang (King Ding of Zhou) |
| Ji Yi 姬夷 | Jianwang 簡王 | 585 BC-572 BC | Zhou Jianwang (King Jian of Zhou) |
| Ji Xiexin 姬泄心 | Lingwang 靈王 | 571 BC-545 BC | Zhou Lingwang (King Ling of Zhou) |
| Ji Gui 姬貴 | Jingwang 景王 | 544 BC-521 BC | Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou) |
| Ji Meng 姬猛 | Daowang 悼王 | 520 BC | Zhou Daowang (King Dao of Zhou) |
| Ji Gai 姬丐 | Jingwang 敬王 | 519 BC-476 BC | Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou) |
| Ji Ren 姬仁 | Yuanwang 元王 | 475 BC-469 BC | Zhou Yuanwang (King Yuan of Zhou) |
| Ji Jie 姬介 | Zhendingwang 貞定王 | 468 BC-442 BC | Zhou Zhendingwang (King Zhending of Zhou) |
| Ji Quji 姬去疾 | Aiwang 哀王 | 441 BC | Zhou Aiwang (King Ai of Zhou) |
| Ji Shu 姬叔 | Siwang 思王 | 441 BC | Zhou Siwang (King Si of Zhou) |
| Ji Wei 姬嵬 | Kaowang 考王 | 440 BC-426 BC | Zhou Kaowang (King Kao of Zhou) |
| Ji Wu 姬午 | Weiliewang 威烈王 | 425 BC-402 BC | Zhou Weiliewang (King Weilie of Zhou) |
| Ji Jiao 姬驕 | Anwang 安王 | 401 BC-376 BC | Zhou Anwang (King An of Zhou) |
| Ji Xi 姬喜 | Liewang 烈王 | 375 BC-369 BC | Zhou Liewang (King Lie of Zhou) |
| Ji Bian 姬扁 | Xianwang 顯王 | 368 BC-321 BC | Zhou Xianwang (King Xian of Zhou) |
| Ji Ding 姬定 | Shenjingwang 慎靚王 | 320 BC-315 BC | Zhou Shenjingwang (King Shenjing of Zhou) |
| Ji Yan 姬延 | Nanwang 赧王 | 314 BC-256 BC | Zhou Nanwang (King Nan of Zhou) |
| Huiwang 惠王 | 255 BC-249 BC | Zhou Huiwang² (King Hui of Zhou) | |
| 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | |||
| 2 Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed King Hui as King Nan's successor after their capital, Luoyang, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. However Zhou resistance did not last long in the face of the Qin advance and so King Nan is widely considered to have been the last emperor of the Zhou dynasty. | |||
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns |
|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name | ||
| Note: King Zhaoxiang of Qin (秦昭襄王, Qín Zhāoxiāng Wáng) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin annihilated Zhou Dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhaoshang Wang) as the official continuation from Zhou Dynasty therefore so should we. Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor". | ||
| 昭襄王 Zhāoxiāng Wáng | 嬴則 Yíng Zé or 嬴稷 Yíng Jì | 255 B.C.-250 B.C. |
| 孝文王 Xiào Wénwáng | 嬴柱 Yíng Zhù | 250 B.C. |
| 莊襄王 Zhuāngxiāng Wáng | 嬴子楚 Yíng Zǐchǔ | 249 B.C.-247 B.C. |
| 始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì | 嬴政 Yíng Zhèng | 246 B.C.-210 B.C. |
| 二世皇帝 Èr Shì Huángdì | 嬴胡亥 Yíng Húhài | 209 B.C.-207 B.C. |
| Ziying can be referred to using either his personal name or Qín Wáng Ziyīng (秦王子嬰) | ||
| Did not exist | 嬴子嬰 Yíng Ziyīng | 207 B.C. |
| Posthumous Name | Personal Name | Period of Reign | Era Name | Range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Han" + posthumous name, excepting Liu Gong, Liu Hong, Ruzi Ying, the Prince of Changyi, the Marquess of Beixiang, and the Prince of Hongnong. | ||||
| Western Han Dynasty 206 BC – 9 AD | ||||
| Gao Zu 高祖 |
Liu Bang 劉邦 |
206 BC – 195 BC | Did not exist | |
| Hui Di 惠帝 |
Liu Ying 劉盈 |
194 BC – 188 BC | Did not exist | |
| Shao Di (Shao Di Gong) 少帝 |
Liu Gong 劉恭 |
188 BC – 184 BC | Did not exist | |
| Shao Di (Shao Di Hong) 少帝 |
Liu Hong 劉弘 |
184 BC – 180 BC | Did not exist | |
| Wen Di 文帝 |
Liu Heng 劉恆 |
179 BC – 157 BC | Hòuyuán (後元) | 163 BC – 156 BC |
| Jing Di 景帝 |
Liu Qi 劉啟 |
156 BC – 141 BC | Zhōngyuán (中元) Hòuyuán (後元) |
149 BC – 143 BC 143 BC – 141 BC |
| Wu Di 武帝 |
Liu Che 劉徹 |
140 BC – 87 BC | Jiànyuán (建元) Yuánguāng(元光) Yuánshuò (元朔) Yuánshòu (元狩) Yuándǐng (元鼎) Yuánfēng (元封) Tàichū (太初) Tiānhàn (天漢) Tàishǐ (太始) Zhēnghé (征和) Hòuyuán (後元) |
140 BC – 135 BC 134 BC – 129 BC 128 BC – 123 BC 122 BC – 117 BC 116 BC – 111 BC 110 BC – 105 BC 104 BC – 101 BC 100 BC – 97 BC 96 BC – 93 BC 92 BC – 89 BC 88 BC – 87 BC |
| Zhao Di 昭帝 |
Liu Fuling 劉弗陵 |
86 BC – 74 BC | Shǐyuán (始元) Yuánfèng (元鳳) Yuánpíng (元平) |
86 BC – 80 BC 80 BC – 75 BC 74 BC |
| The Prince of Changyi 昌邑王 or 海昏侯 |
Liu He 劉賀 |
74 BC | Yuánpíng (元平) | 74 BC |
| Xuan Di 宣帝 |
Liu Xun 劉詢 |
73 BC – 49 BC | Běnshǐ (本始) Dìjié (地節) Yuánkāng (元康) Shénjué (神爵) Wǔfèng (五鳳) Gānlù (甘露) Huánglóng (黃龍) |
73 BC – 70 BC 69 BC – 66 BC 65 BC – 61 BC 61 BC – 58 BC 57 BC – 54 BC 53 BC – 50 BC 49 BC |
| Yuan Di 元帝 |
Liu Shi 劉奭 |
48 BC – 33 BC | Chūyuán (初元) Yǒngguāng (永光) Jiànzhāo (建昭) Jìngníng (竟寧) |
48 BC – 44 BC 43 BC – 39 BC 38 BC – 34 BC 33 BC |
| Cheng Di 成帝 |
Liu Ao 劉驁 |
32 BC – 7 BC | Jiànshǐ (建始) Hépíng (河平) Yángshuò (陽朔) Hóngjiā (鴻嘉) Yǒngshǐ (永始) Yuányán (元延n2) Suīhé (綏和) |
32 BC – 28 BC 28 BC – 25 BC 24 BC – 21 BC 20 BC – 17 BC 16 BC – 13 BC 12 BC – 9 BC 8 BC – 7 BC |
| Ai Di 哀帝 |
Liu Xin 劉欣 |
6 BC – 1 BC | Jiànpíng (建平) Yuánshòu (元壽) |
6 BC – 3 BC 2 BC – 1 BC |
| Ping Di 平帝 |
Liu Kan 劉衎 |
1 BC – 5 | Yuánshǐ (元始) | 1 – 5 |
| Ruzi Ying 孺子嬰 |
Liu Ying 劉嬰 |
6 – 8 | Jùshè (居攝) Chūshǐ (初始) |
6 – October 8 November 8 – December 8 |
| Xin Dynasty (AD 9–23) | ||||
| Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang (王莽) | 9 – 23 | Shǐjiànguó (始建國) Tiānfēng (天鳳) Dìhuáng (地皇) |
9 – 13 14 – 19 20 – 23 |
|
| Continuation of Han Dynasty | ||||
| Geng Shi Di 更始帝 |
Liu Xuan 劉玄 |
23 – 25 | Gēngshǐ (更始) | 23 – 25 |
| Eastern Han Dynasty 25 – 220 | ||||
| Guang Wu Di 光武帝 |
Liu Xiu 劉秀 |
25 – 57 | Jiànwǔ (建武) Jiànwǔzhongōyuán (建武中元) |
25 – 56 56 – 57 |
| Ming Di 明帝 |
Liu Zhuang 劉莊 |
58 – 75 | Yǒngpíng (永平) | 58 – 75 |
| Zhang Di 章帝 |
Liu Da 劉炟 |
76 – 88 | Jiànchū (建初) Yuánhé (元和) Zhānghé (章和) |
76 – 84 84 – 87 87 – 88 |
| He Di 和帝 |
Liu Zhao 劉肇 |
89 – 105 | Yǒngyuán (永元) Yuánxīng (元興) |
89 – 105 105 |
| Shang Di 殤帝 |
Liu Long 劉隆 |
106 | Yánpíng (延平) | 9 months in 106 |
| An Di 安帝 |
Liu Hu 劉祜 |
106 – 125 | Yǒngchū (永初) Yuánchū (元初) Yǒngníng (永寧) Jiànguāng (建光) Yánguāng (延光) |
107 – 113 114 – 120 120 – 121 121 – 122 122 – 125 |
| Shao Di, the Marquess of Beixiang 少帝 or 北鄉侯 |
Liu Yi 劉懿 |
125 | Yánguāng (延光) | 125 |
| Shun Di 順帝 |
Liu Bao 劉保 |
125 – 144 | Yǒngjiàn (永建) Yángjiā (陽嘉) Yǒnghé (永和) Hàn'ān (漢安) Jiànkāng (建康) |
126 – 132 132 – 135 136 – 141 142 – 144 144 |
| Chong Di 沖帝 |
Liu Bing 劉炳 |
144 – 145 | Yōngxī (永嘉) | 145 |
| Zhi Di 質帝 |
Liu Zuan 劉纘 |
145 – 146 | Běnchū (本初) | 146 |
| Huan Di 桓帝 |
Liu Zhi 劉志 |
146 – 168 | Jiànhé (建和) Hépíng (和平) Yuánjiā (元嘉) Yǒngxīng (永興) Yǒngshòu (永壽) Yánxī (延熹) Yǒngkāng (永康) |
147 – 149 150 151 – 153 153 – 154 155 – 158 158 – 167 167 |
| Ling Di 靈帝 |
Liu Hong 劉宏 |
168 – 189 | Jiànníng (建寧) Xīpíng (熹平) Guānghé (光和) Zhōngpíng (中平) |
168 – 172 172 – 178 178 – 184 184 – 189 |
| Shao Di, the Prince of Hongnong 少帝 or 弘農王 |
Liu Bian 劉辯 |
189 | Guīngxī (光熹) Zhàoníng (昭寧) |
189 189 |
| Xian Di 獻帝 |
Liu Xie 劉協 |
189 – 220 | Yǒnghàn (永漢) (中平} Chūpíng (初平) Xīngpíng (興平) Jiàn'ān (建安) Yánkāng (延康) |
189 189 190 – 193 194 – 195 196 – 220 220 |
Three Kingdoms Period
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wei or Cao Wei 220-265 AD | |||
| Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names. | |||
| Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) | 曹丕 cao2 pi1 | 220-226 | Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | 曹叡 cao2 rui4 | 226-239 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239 |
| Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2) | 曹芳 cao2 fang1 | 239-254 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254 |
| Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1) | 曹髦 cao2 mao2 | 254-260 | Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260 |
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | 曹奐 cao2 huan4 | 260-265 | Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264 Xianxi (咸熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265 |
| Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263 | |||
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4) | 劉備 (liu2 bei4) | 221-223 | Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223 |
| Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 劉禪 (liu2 xhan2) | 223-263 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257 Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263 Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263 |
| Wu 222-280 | |||
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Da Di (大帝 da4 di4) | 孫權 sun1 quan2 | 222-252 | Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229 Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231 Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238 Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252 Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252 |
| Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2) | 孫亮 sun1 liang4 | 252-258 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253 Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 256-258 |
| Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | Sun Xiu 孫休 sun1 xiu1 | 258-264 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264 |
| Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2) | Sun Hao 孫皓 sun1 hao4 | 264-280 | Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 265-266 Baoding (寶鼎 bao3 ding3) 266-269 Jianheng (建衡 jian4 heng2) 269-271 Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274 Tiance (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276 Tianxi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 276 Tianji (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280 |
Jin Dynasty
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name | |||
| Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317 | |||
| Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Sima Yan 司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2 | 265-290 | Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280 Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-289 Taixi (太熙 tai4 xi1) 290 |
| Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) | 司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1 | 290-306 | Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291 Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 302-303 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 304 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306 Guangxi (光熙 guang1 xi1) 306 |
| Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4) | 司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4 | 307-311 | Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313 |
| Min Di(愍帝 min3 di4) | 司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4 | 313-317 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317 |
| Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD | |||
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | 司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4 | 317-322 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | 司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4 | 322-325 | Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 323-325 |
| Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) | 司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3 | 325-342 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325 Xianhe (咸和 xian2 he2) 326-334 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 335-342 |
| Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4) | 司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4 | 342-344 | Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344 |
| Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4) | 司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1 | 345-361 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361 |
| Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) | 司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1 | 361-365 | Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363 Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365 |
| Fei Di (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1) | 司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4 | 365-371 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371 |
| Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) | 司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4 | 371-372 | Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372 |
| Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4) | 司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4 | 372-396 | Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 376-396 |
| An Di (安帝 an1 di4) | 司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1 | 396-418 | Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 402-404 Yixi (義熙 yi4 xi1) 405-418 |
| Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) | 司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2 | 419-420 | Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420 |
Sixteen Kingdoms Period
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | ||||
| Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire) | ||||
| Han Empire 304-318 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) | 劉淵 liu2 yuan1 | 304-310 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308 Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309 Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310 |
| Did not exist | Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) | 劉和 liu2 he2 | 7 days in 310 | Did not exist |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | 劉聰 liu2 cong1 | 310-318 | Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 315-316 Linjia (麟嘉 lin2 jia1) 316-318 |
| Did not exist | Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) | 劉粲 liu2 can4 | a month and days in 318 | Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318 |
| Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 劉曜 liu2 yao4 | 318-329 | Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329 |
| Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | 石勒 shi2 le4 | 319-333 | Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333 |
| Did not exist | Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) | 石弘 shi2 hong2 | 333-334 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | 石虎 shi2 hu3 | 334-349 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349 |
| Did not exist | Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) | 石世 shi2 shi4 | 73 days in 349 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349 |
| Did not exist | Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) | 石遵 shi2 zun1 | 183 days in 349 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349 |
| Did not exist | Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) | 石鑒 shi2 jian4 | 103 days within 349-350 | Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350 |
| Did not exist | Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) | 石祗 shi2 zhi1 | 350-351 | Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350 |
| Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire) | ||||
| Cheng Empire 303-338 | ||||
| Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | 李特 li3 te4 | 303 | Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) | 李流 li3 liu2 | several months in 303 | Did not exist |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | 李雄 li3 xiong2 | 303-334 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305 Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 311-334 |
| Did not exist | Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) | 李班 li3 ban1 | 7 months in 334 | Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334 |
| Did not exist | You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) | 李期 li3 qi1 | 334-338 | Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338 |
| Han Empire 338-347 | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | 李壽 li3 shou4 | 338-343 | Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343 |
| Did not exist | Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) | 李勢 li3 shi4 | 343-347 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346 Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347 |
| Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) | 慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 | 337-348 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) | 慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 | 348-360 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353 Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357 Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4) 357-360 |
| Did not exist | You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) | 慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 | 360-370 | Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370 |
| Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) | 慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 | 384-396 | Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) | 慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 | 396-398 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398 |
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | 慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 | 398-401 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | 慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 | 401-407 | Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407 |
| Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410 | ||||
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) | 慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 | 398-405 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 | 405-410 | Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410 |
| Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) | 高雲 gao1 yun2 | 407-409 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) | 馮跋 feng2 ba2 | 409-430 | Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) | 馮弘 feng2 hong2 | 430-436 | Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436 |
| Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376 | ||||
| Did not exist | Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) | 張茂 zhang1 mao4 | 320-324 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324 |
| Did not exist | Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) | 張駿 zhang1 jun4 | 324-346 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346 |
| Did not exist | Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) | 張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 | 346-353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353 |
| Did not exist | Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) | 張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 | 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353 |
| Did not exist | Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) | 張祚 zhang1 zuo4 | 353-355 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355 |
| Did not exist | Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) | 張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 | 355-363 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363 |
| Did not exist | Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) | 張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 | 364-376 | Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376 |
| Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) | 呂光 uu3 guang1 | 386-399 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399 |
| Did not exist | Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) | 呂紹 luu3 shao4 | 399 | Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399 |
| Did not exist | Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) | 呂纂 luu3 zuan3 | 399-401 | Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) | 呂隆 luu3 long2 | 401-403 | Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403 |
| Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) | 禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 | 397-399 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399 |
| Did not exist | Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) | 禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 | 399-402 | Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402 |
| Did not exist | Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) | 禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2 | 402-414 | Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 409-414 |
| Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-439 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460) | ||||
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 段業 duan4 ye4 | 397-401 | Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399 Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) | 沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 | 401-433 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430 Yihe (義和 yi4 he2) 430-433 |
| Did not exist | Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2) | 沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 | 433-439 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 | 442-444 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 | 444-460 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460 |
| Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) | 李暠 li3 gao3 | 400-417 | Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 李歆 li3 xin1 | 417-420 | Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 李恂 li3 xun2 | 420-421 | Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421 |
| Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) | 苻健 fu2 jian4 | 351-355 | Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355 |
| Did not exist | Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2) | 苻生 fu2 sheng1 | 355-357 | Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357 |
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4) | 苻堅 fu2 jian1 | 357-385 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385 |
| Did not exist | Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4) | 苻丕 fu2 pi1 | 385-386 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4) | 苻登 fu2 deng1 | 386-394 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 苻崇 fu2 chong2 | several months in 394 | Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394 |
| Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4) | 姚萇 yao2 chang2 | 384-393 | Bai Que (白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4) | 姚興 yao2 xing1 | 394-416 | Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 姚泓 yao2 hong2 | 416-417 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417 |
| Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431 | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2) | 乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2 | 385-388 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2) | 乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1 | 388-400,409-412 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2) | 乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 | 412-428 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 | 428-431 | Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431 |
| Xia Empire 407-431 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) | 赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 | 407-425 | Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418 Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419 Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2) | 赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1 | 425-428 | Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428 |
| Did not exist | Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2) | 赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4 | 428-431 | Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428 |
Sovereignties established by Wu Hu
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts) | |||
| Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2) | 冉閔 ran3 min3 | 350-352 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352 |
| Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394 | |||
| Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4) | 慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2 | 384 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384 |
| Did not exist | 慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1 | 384-386 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386 |
| Did not exist | 段隨 duan4 sui2 | 386 | Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | 慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1 | 386 | Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386 |
| Did not exist | 慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2 | 386 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | 慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1 | 386 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386 |
| Did not exist | 慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3 | 386-394 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394 |
| Shu Kingdom 405-413 | |||
| Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2) | 譙縱 qiao2 zong4 | 405-413 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 ) | |||
| Did not exist | 劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1 | mid 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2 | mid 3rd century - late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉虎 liu2 hu3 | early 4th century (309?) - 341 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2 | 341-356 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2 | 356-358 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2 | 358-359 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2 | 359-391 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 ) | |||
| Did not exist | 宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2 | late 3rd century-293 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1 | 293-late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2 | late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1 | late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1 | early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1 | early 3rd century - 333 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1 | 333-345 | Did not exist |
| Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338 | |||
| Did not exist | 段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2 | 303-310 or 311 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4 | 310 or 311 - 318 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2 | 318 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1 | 318-321 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1 | 318-325 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段牙 duan4 ya2 | 325 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段遼 duan4 liao2 | 326-338 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) ) | |||
| First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371) | |||
| Did not exist | 楊騰 yang2 teng2 | late 2nd century- early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊駒 yang2 ju1 | early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4 | early 3rd century - mid 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2 | mid 3rd century - late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1 | late 3rd century - 317 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2 | 317-334 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊毅 yang2 yi4 | 334-337 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊初 yang2 chu1 | 337-355 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊國 yang2 guo2 | 355-356 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊俊 yang2 jun4 | 356-360 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊世 yang2 shi4 | 360-370 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊篡 yang2 cuan4 | 370-371 | Did not exist |
| Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473 | |||
| 武王 wu3 wang2 | 楊定 yang2 ding4 | 385-394 | Did not exist |
| 惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2 | 楊盛 yang2 sheng4 | 394-425 | Did not exist |
| 孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2 | 楊玄 yang2 xuan2 | 425-429 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1 | 429 and 443 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1 | 429-441 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440 |
| Did not exist | 楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4 | 442-443 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2 | 443-454 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2 | 455-466 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4 | 466-473 | Did not exist |
| Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555 | |||
| Did not exist | 楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4 | 473-477 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2 | 477-482 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3 | 482-486 | Did not exist |
| An Wang (安王 an1 wang2) | 楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3 | 482-503 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1 | 503-506, 534-535 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4 | 535-545 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊辟邪 yang2 bi4 xie2 | 545-553 | Did not exist |
| Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person | |||
| Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century | |||
| Did not exist | 楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1 | 477-483? | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊炯 yang2 jiong3 | 483-495 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3 | 495-before 502 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1 | before 502-511 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊定 yang2 ding4 | 511- ? | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 305?-377) | |||
| As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table. | |||
| Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu. | |||
| 神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2 | 拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2 | 219-277 | Did not exist |
| Note: His temple name was Shi Zu|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name | |||
| 章王 zhang1 wang2 | 拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4 | 277-286 | Did not exist |
| 平王 ping2 wang2 | 拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4 | 286-293 | Did not exist |
| 思王 si1 wang2 | 拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2 | 293-294 | Did not exist |
| 昭王 zhao1 wang2 | 拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1 | 294-307 | Did not exist |
| 穆王 mu4 wang2 | 拓拔猗 (㐌 - 拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 yi2 | 295-305 | Did not exist |
| 穆王 mu4 wang2 | 拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2 | 295-316 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1 | 316 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 拓拔? tou4 ba2 ? | 316 | Did not exist |
| 平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2 | 拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4 | 316-321 | Did not exist |
| 惠王 hui4 wang2 | 拓拔賀傉 tou4 ba2 he4 ru4 | 321-325 | Did not exist |
| 煬王 yang2 wang2 | 拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3 | 325-329 and 335-337 | Did not exist |
| 烈王 lie4 wang2 | 拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2 | 329-335 and 337-338 | Did not exist |
| 昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2 | 拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4 | 338-377 | Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377 |
Northern and Southern Dynasties
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Northern dynasty | |||
| Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 386-535 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there. | |||
| 道武帝 dao4 wu3 di4 | 拓拔珪 tou4 ba2 gui1 | 386-409 | Dengguo (登國 deng1 guo2) 386-396 Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 396-398 Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 398-404 Tianci (天賜 tian1 ci4) 404-409 |
| 明元帝 ming2 yuan2 di4 | 拓拔嗣 tou4 ba2 si4 | 409-423 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 409-413 Shenrui (神瑞 shen2 rui4) 414-416 Taichang (泰常 tai4 chang2) 416-423 |
| 太武帝 tai4 wu3 di4 | 拓拔燾 tou4 ba2 tao2 | 424-452 | Shiguang (始光 shi3 guang1) 424-428 Shenjia (神麚 shen2 jia1) 428-431 Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 432-434 Taiyan (太延 tai4 yan2) 435-440 Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tai4 ping2 zhen1 jun1) 440-451 Zhengping (正平 zheng4 ping2) 451-452 |
| 南安王 nan2 an1 wang2 | 拓拔余 tou4 ba2 yu2 | 452 | Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) or Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 452 |
| 文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4 | 拓拔濬 tou4 ba2 jun4 | 452-465 | Xingan (興安 xing1 an1) 452-454 Xingguang (興光 xing1 guang1) 454-455 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 455-459 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 460-465 |
| 獻文帝 xian4 wen2 di4 | 拓拔弘 tou4 ba2 hong2 | 466-471 | Tianan (天安 tian1 an1) 466-467 Huangxing (皇興 huang2 xing1) 467-471 |
| 孝文帝 xiao4 wen2 di4 | 元宏 yuan2 hong2 | 471-499 | Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 471-476 Chengming (承明 cheng2 ming2) 476 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 477-499 |
| 宣武帝 xuan1 wu3 di4 | 元恪 yuan2 ke4 | 500-515 | Jingming (景明 jing3 ming2) 500-503 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 504-508 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 508-512 Yanchang (延昌 yan2 chang1) 512-515 |
| 孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 | 元詡 yuan2 xu3 | 516-528 | Xiping (熙平 xi1 ping2) 516-518 Shengui (神龜 shen2 gui1) 518-520 Zhengguang (正光 zheng4 guang1) 520-525 Xiaochang (孝昌 xiao4 chang1) 525-527 Wutai (武泰 wu3 tai4) 528 |
| 孝莊帝 xiao4 zhuang1 di4 | 元子攸 yuan2 zi5 you1 | 528-530 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 528 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 528-530 |
| 長廣王 chang2 guang3 wang2 or Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4 | 元曄 yuan2 ye4 | 530-531 | Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 530-531 |
| 節閔帝 jie2 min3 di4 | 元恭 yuan2 gong1 | 531-532 | Putai (普泰 pu3 tai4) 531-532 |
| 安定王 an1 ding4 wang2 or Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4 | 元朗 yuan2 lang3 | 531-532 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 531-532 |
| 孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 | 元脩 yuan2 xiu1 | 532-535 | Taichang (太昌 tai4 chang1) 532 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 532 Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 532-535 |
| Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 534-550 | |||
| Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| 孝靜帝 xiao1 jing4 di4 | 元善見 yuan2 shan4 jian4 | 534-550 | Tianping (天平 tian1 ping2) 534-537 Yuanxiang (元象 yuan2 xiang4) 538-539 Xinghe (興和 xing1 he2) 539-542 Wuding (武定 wu3 ding4) 543-550 |
| Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 550-577 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name | |||
| 文宣帝 wen2 xuan1 di4 | 高洋 gao1 yang2 | 550-559 | Tianbao (天保 tain1 bao3) 550-559 |
| 廢帝 fei4 di4 | 高殷 gao1 yin1 | 560 | Qianming (乾明 qian1 ming2) 560 |
| 孝昭帝 xiao1 zhao1 di4 | 高演 gao1 yan3 | 560-561 | Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 560-561 |
| 武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4 | 高湛 gao1 zhan4 | 561-565 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 561-562 Heqing (河清 he2 qing1) 562-565 |
| 後主 hou4 zhu3 | 高緯 gao1 wei3 | 565-577 | Tiantong (天統 tian1 tong3) 565-569 Wuping (武平 wu3 ping2) 570-576 Longhua (隆化 long2 hua3 576 |
| 幼主 you4 zhu3 | 高恆 gao1 heng2 | 577 | Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 577 |
| 范陽王 fan4 yang2 wang2 | 高紹義 gao1 shao4 yi4 | 577-579? | Did not exist |
| Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 535-556 | |||
| Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| 文帝 wen2 di4 | 元寶炬 yuan2 bao3 ju4 | 535-551 | Datong (大統 da4 tong3) 535-551 |
| 廢帝 fei4 di4 | 元欽 yuan2 qin1 | 552-554 | Did not exist |
| 恭帝 gong1 di4 | 元廓 yuan2 kuo4 | 554-556 | Did not exist |
| Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 557-581 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name | |||
| 孝閔帝 xiao1 min3 di4 | 宇文覺 yu3 wen2 jue2 | 557 | Did not exist |
| 明帝 ming2 di4 or Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 | 宇文毓 yu3 wen2 yu4 | 557-560 | Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng2) 559-560 |
| 武帝 wu3 di4 | 宇文邕 yu3 wen2 yong1 | 561-578 | Baoding (保定 bao3 ding4) 561-565 Tianhe (天和 tian1 he2) 566-572 Jiande (建德 jian4 de2) 572-578 Xuanzheng (宣政 xuan1 zheng4) 578 |
| 宣帝 xuan1 di4 | 宇文贇 yu3 wen2 yun1 | 579 | Dacheng (大成 da4 cheng2) 579 |
| 靜帝 jing4 di4 | 宇文闡 yu3 wen2 chan3 | 579-581 | Daxiang (大象 da4 xiang4) 579-581 Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 581 |
| Southern dynasty 420-589 | |||
| Song Dynasty (420-479) | |||
| Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name. | |||
| 武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 | 劉裕 liu3 yu4 | 420-422 | Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 420-422 |
| 少帝 shao4 di4 | 劉義符 liu3 yi4 fu2 | 423-424 | Jingping (景平 jing3 ping2) 423-424 |
| 文帝 wen2 di4 | 劉義隆 liu3 yi4 long2 | 424-453 | Yuanjia (元嘉 yaun2 jia1) 424-453 |
| 孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 | 劉駿 liu3 jun4 | 454-464 | Xiaojian (元嘉 xiao1 jian4) 454-456 Daming (大明 da4 ming2) 457-464 |
| 前廢帝 qian2 fei4 di4 | 劉子業 liu3 zi5 ye4 | 465 | Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 465 Jinghe (景和 jing3 he2) 465 |
| 明帝 ming2 di4 | 劉彧 liu3 yu4 | 465-472 | Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 465-471 Taiyu (泰豫 tai4 yu4) 472 |
| 後廢帝 hou4 fei4 di4 or Cang Wu Wang|蒼梧王 cang1 wu2 wang2 | 劉昱 liu3 yu4 | 473-477 | Yuanhui (元徽 yuan2 hui1) 473-477 |
| 順帝 shun4 di4 | 劉準 liu3 zhun3 | 477-479 | Shengming (昇明 sheng1 ming2) 477-479 |
| Qi Dynasty 479-502 | |||
| Convention: Qi + posthumous name | |||
| 高帝 gao1 di4 | 蕭道成 xiao1 dao4 cheng2 | 479-482 | Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 479-482 |
| 武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 | 蕭賾 xiao1 ze2 | 483-493 | Yongming (永明 yong3 ming2) 483-493 |
| 鬱林王 yu4 lin2 wang2 | 蕭昭業 xiao1 zhao1 ye4 | 494 | Longchang (隆昌 long2 chang1) 494 |
| Hai Ling Wang (海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2) | 蕭昭文 xiao1 zhao1 wen2 | 494 | Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 494 |
| 明帝 ming2 di4 | 蕭鸞 xiao1 luan2 | 494-498 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 494-498 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 498 |
| Dong Hun Hou (東昏侯 dong1 hun1 hou2) | 蕭寶卷 xiao1 bao3 juan3 | 499-501 | Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 499-501 |
| 和帝 he2 di4 | 蕭寶融 xiao1 bao3 rong2 | 501-502 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 501-502 |
| Liang Dynasty (502-557) | |||
| Convention: Liang + posthumous name | |||
| Wu Di (武帝 wu3 jing4 di4) | Xiao Yan (蕭衍 xiao1 yan3) | 502-549 | Tianjian (天監 tian1 jian1) 502-519 Putong (普通 pu3 tong1) 520-527 Datong (大通 da4 tong1) 527-529 Zhongdatong (中大通 zhong1 da4 tong1) 529-534 Datong (大同 da4 tong2) 535-546 Zhongdatong (中大同 zhong1 da4 tong2) 546-547 Taiqing (太清 tai4 qing1) 547-549 |
| Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) | 蕭綱 xiao1 gang1 | 549-551 | Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 550-551 |
| Yu Zhang Wang (豫章王 yu4 zhang1 wang2) | 蕭棟 xiao1 dong4 | 551-552 | Tianzheng (天正 tian1 zheng4) 551-552 |
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | 蕭繹 xiao1 yi4 | 552-555 | Chengsheng (承聖 cheng2 sheng4) 552-555 |
| Zhen Yang Hou (貞陽侯 zhen1 yang2 hou2) | 蕭淵明 xiao1 yuan1 ming2 | 555 | Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 555 |
| 敬帝 jing4 di4 | 蕭方智 xiao1 fang1 zhi4 | 555-557 | Shaotai (紹泰 shao4 tai4) 555-556 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 556-557 |
| Chen Dynasty 557-589 | |||
| Convention: Chen + posthumous name | |||
| 武帝 wu3 di4 | 陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1 | 557-559 | Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559 |
| 文帝 wen2 di4 | 陳蒨 chen2 qian4 | 560-566 | Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566 Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 566 |
| 廢帝 fei4 di4 | 陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1 | 567-568 | Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568 |
| 宣帝 xuan1 di4 | 陳頊 chen2 xu1 | 569-582 | Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582 |
| 後主 hou4 zhu3 | 陳叔寶 chen2 shu2 bao3 | 583-589 | Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586 Zhenming (禎明 zhen1 ming2) 587-589 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name | ||||
| Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty. | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | 宣帝 xuan1 di4 | 蕭察 xiao1 cha2 | 555-562 | Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 555-562 |
| Shi Zong (世4宗 zhong1 zong1) | 孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 | 蕭巋 xiao1 kui1 | 562-585 | Tianbao (天保 tian1 bao3) 562-585 |
| Did not exist | 孝靜帝 xiao4 jing4 di4 or Ju Gong|莒公 ju3 gong1 | 蕭琮 xiao1 cong2 | 585-587 | Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 562-585 |
Sui Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 are posthumous names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms
Liao Dynasty
Song Dynasty
Western Xia
Jin Dynasty
(1) Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign.(2) Did not exist
Yuan Dynasty
To see the Ming dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here.
Shun Dynasty
Southern Ming Dynasty
* The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.To see the Qing dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here.
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| This page contains Chinese text. Without proper [Enabling East Asian charactersrendering support], you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.