Tajik grammar
Encyclopedia : T : TA : TAJ : Tajik grammar
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Nouns
Nouns are not marked for grammatical gender, although they are marked for number. Natural gender is usually distinguished by a change of word, like English, e.g. мурғ (murgh) 'fowl' and хурӯс (khurūs) 'rooster'. Alternatively the modifiers 'нар' (nar) for male or 'мода' (moda) for female can be pre or post-posed to the noun, e.g. хар-и нар (khar-i nar) 'male donkey' and хар-и мода (khar-i moda) 'female donkey'.
Two forms of number exist in Tajik, singular and plural. The plural is marked by either the suffix -ҳо (-ho) or -он (-on), although Arabic loan words may use Arabic forms. The suffix -он is primarily used with animate nouns, whereas -ҳо can be used with any. For example, the singular for 'horse' is асп (asp), and the plural, 'horses' can be either аспҳо (aspho) or аспон (aspon).
The article does not exist, although the definite direct object is marked by a suffix, -ро (-ro). The use of this suffix is mandatory when a previously referenced object is being talked about.
китобро хондам kitobro khondam book-this read-I - "I read this book"
китоб хондам kitob khondam book read-I - "I read a book"
Izafet-construction
The izafet-construction (from изофа, izofa meaning 'addition') is the name given to the combination of a head word and a modifier (for example an adjective) using the unstressed enclitic, -и, (-i). In the plural, the enclitic is placed after the plural marker.
духтари хушрӯй dukhtari khushrūy girl beautiful - "beautiful girl"
духтарони хушрӯй dukhtaroni khushrūy girls beautiful - beautiful girls
Pronouns
Forms of the personal pronouns with English language equivalent(s).Person Singular Plural 1st ман (man) 'I' мо (mo) 'we' 2nd ту (tu) 'you' шумо (shumo) 'you' 3rd ӯ, вай (ū, vay) 'he, she, it' онҳо (onho) 'they' The 2nd person plural, шумо also finds use as the polite form of the 2nd person, for example, шумо кай меоед? (shumo kay meoed?) trans. "when are you coming?".
Prepositions
Tajik English аз (az) from, through, across бо (bo) with бар (bar) on, upon, onto ба (ba) to бе (be) without дар (dar) at, in чун (chun) like, as то (to) up to, as far as, until See also
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