Tewkesbury Abbey
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The Abbey of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, one of the finest Norman buildings in England, is the second largest parish church in England, having become so at the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Its massive crossing tower was rated “probably the largest and finest Romanesque tower in England” by Sir Nikolaus Pevsner. Fourteen of England's cathedrals are of smaller dimensions; only Westminster Abbey contains more medieval tombs.
The Chronicle of Tewkesbury records that the first Christian worship was brought to the area by Theoc, a missionary from Northumbria, who built his cell in the mid-7th century near on a gravel spit where the Severn and Avon rivers join together. The cell was succeeded by a monastery in 715, but nothing remaining of it has been identified.
In the 10th century the religious foundation at Tewkesbury became a priory subordinate to the Cranbourne Abbey in Dorset. In 1087 William the Conqueror gave the manor of Tewkesbury to his cousin Robert Fitzhamon, who, with Giraldus, Abbot of Cranbourne, founded the present abbey in 1092. Building of the present Abbey church did not start until 1102, employing Caen stone imported from Normandy and floated up the Severn.
Robert Fitzhamon died at Falaise in Normandy, in 1102, but his son-in-law, Robert Fitzroy, the natural son of Henry I who was made Earl of Gloucester, continued to fund the building work. The Abbey's greatest single later patron was Lady Eleanor le Despenser, last of the De Clare heirs of the FitzRoys. In the High Middle Ages Tewkesbury became one of the richest abbeys of England.
The market town of Tewkesbury developed to the north of the abbey precincts, of which vestiges remain in the layout of the streets and a few buildings: the Abbot’s gatehouse, the Abbey Mill, Abbey House, the present vicarage and some half-timbered dwellings in Church Street. The Abbey now sits partly isolated in lawns, like a cathedral in its close, for the area surrounding the Abbey is protected from development by the Abbey Lawn Trust, originally funded by a United States benefactor in 1962 [link].
One of its most distinguished abbots was Alan, the biographer of Thomas a Kempis.
The churches' 17th-century organ was originally made for Magdalen College, Oxford; after the Civil War it was removed to the chapel of Hampton Court Palace after the Civil War. It came to Tewkesbury in 1737.
The Abbey has its own choir which sings weekend services. Weekday evensongs were first sung by the choir of the Abbey School, Tewkesbury which was founded for this purpose in 1973 by Miles Amherst. After the closure of the Abbey School in 2006, weekday services continue to be sung with the choir being based at Dean Close Preparatory School, Cheltenham.
[Abbey Church:[link]
[Interior Church Choir:[link]
[Vaulted Church Ceiling:[link]
[Tomb of Abbot Alen:[link]
Construction time-line:
- 23 October 1121 -- the choir consecrated
- 1150 -- tower and nave completed
- 1178 -- large fire necessitated some rebuilding
- ~1235 -- Chapel of St Nicholas built
- ~1300 -- Chapel of St. James built
- 1321-1335 -- choir rebuilt with radiating chantry chapels
- 1349-59 -- tower and nave vaults rebuilt; the lierne vaults of the nave replacing wooden roofing
- 1400-1410 -- cloisters rebuilt
- 1438 -- Chapel of Isobel (countess of Warwick) built
- 1520 -- Guesten house completed (later became the vicarage)
Famous graves in the abbey
- 1107 -- when the abbey's founder Robert Fitzhamon died in 1107, he was buried in the chapter house while his son-in-law Robert fitzRoy (an illegitimate son of King Henry I), Earl of Gloucester, continued building the abbey
- 1375 -- Edward Despenser, Lord of the Manor of Tewkesbury, is remembered today chiefly for the effigy on his tomb, which shows him in full color kneeling on top of the canopy of his chantry, facing toward the high altar
- ~1395 -- Robert Fitzhamon's remains were moved into a new chapel built as his tomb
- 1471 -- a brass plate on the floor in the center of the sanctuary marks the grave of Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, the son of King Henry VI and end of the Lancastrian line, who was killed in the Battle of Tewkesbury - the only Prince of Wales ever to die in battle.
- 1477 -- the bones of George, "Butt of Malmsey" Clarence, (brother of Edward IV and Richard III) and his wife Isabelle (daughter of Richard "the Kingmaker" Neville) are visible behind a glass window in a wall behind the high altar
- <1539 -- the cadaver tomb Abbot Wakeman had built for himself is not actually a grave, because he was not buried there
- Also buried in the abbey are several members of the Despenser, de Clare and Beauchamp families, all of whom were generous benefactors of the abbey.
See also
References
- Richard K. Morris and Ron Shoesmith (editors), 2003. Tewkesbury Abbey: History, Art and Architecture ISBN 1904396038
- [Official site]
- [Britannia.com Detailed tour]
- [Illuminated armorials in the Founders' and Benefactors' Book of Tewkesbury Abbey, early 16th century, at the Bodleian Library]
- [David Bagley, "The bells of Tewkesbury Abbey"]
- [Heritage Trail: Tewkesbury Abbey]
- [Abbey School]
- [The abbey of Tewkesbury], Victoria County History of England: Gloucestershire, Vol. 2, pp.61-6.
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