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The Truman Show

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The Truman Show is a 1998 movie directed by Peter Weir, written by Andrew Niccol, and starring Jim Carrey. Niccol was due to direct the film until Carrey was signed. It was felt that Carrey's $12 million salary was too great an investment to leave in the hands of a second-time film director, and Weir was drafted. The plot takes many ideas from Philip K. Dick's 1959 novel Time Out of Joint, as well as the 1960 Twilight Zone episode A World of Difference.

Cast

Synopsis

The film is set in a hypothetical world called Seahaven, where an entire town, built in an enormous dome is dedicated to a continually running television show. All but one of the participants are actors. Only the central character, Truman Burbank (Carrey), is unaware that he lives in a constructed reality for the entertainment of those outside. The film follows his discovery of his situation and his attempts to escape. Central characters fake friendship to Truman, and in the case of his "wife", bury their real feelings of disgust.

Truman was chosen out of six unwanted babies to be a TV star. Growing up, he wanted to be an explorer, an ambition strongly discouraged to keep him contained within the town of Seahaven, and therefore, unaware of his real surroundings. His best friend is "Marlon," a character played by fictional actor "Louis Coltrane" (Noah Emmerich).

During high school, as is shown in a flashback, he meets "Lauren," a character in the show, played by the actress "Sylvia" (Natascha McElhone). Truman falls in love with her, and gets a chance to kiss her. But, before she can explain his situation to him, a man comes and picks her up. He tells Truman that they are moving to Fiji. With Sylvia out of the picture, he resigns to be married to "Meryl" (Laura Linney). Truman does not forget about Sylvia, though. He tries to replicate her face by ripping features of models' faces out of magazines and putting them together, and has saved the red sweater she wore, which she left behind when she was taken away from him.

Eventually, however, Truman notices little details which lead him to believe that he is being watched, and that the people closest to him are not what they seem. He knows that something is not right, but he isn't sure what. He discusses leaving with Meryl and Marlon who along with his mother pressure Truman heavily to stay. Along his path to truth and escape Truman encounters obstacles placed in his way, including choreographed traffic jams, inability to book any trips out of town, a "bus breakdown", a "leak at the plant", a long bridge to cross (Truman is afraid of water after witnessing the tragic "death" of his father in a staged boating incident), and an artificially created hurricane-force storm on the "ocean". He finally reaches the edge of the constructed reality and exits via a door in the wall, only after bowing to the audience of millions.

Plot

The Truman Show: Day 10,909

The film starts in the style of a television programme, with opening credits and interviews of three main characters: Cristof (the programme's creator), Meryl (Truman Burbank's wife), and Marlon (Truman's best friend). Throughout the film, footage of Truman is interspersed with scenes of people in the real world watching The Truman Channel. The episode itself begins with Truman stepping out his door on Day 10,909 (revealing that Truman is 29). Truman cheerfully greets two of his neighbours and walks towards his car. As he opens his car door, he hears a shrill whistling and turns round in time to see a small object smash onto the road at great speed. Perplexed, Truman cautiously picks up the item, which resembles a stage light designated "Sirius (9 Canis Madal)".

Truman is next seen in his car, driving into town and listening to a classical radio station. The presenter announces in an offhand way that an aircraft flying over Seahaven a few moments ago had been forced to jettison parts, providing a screened explanation for the light falling from the sky. Truman goes to work as usual, and is seen from a variety of secret video cameras watching his every move, including one in his pencil sharpener. A coworker shows Truman the headline of Seahaven's newspaper: "The Best Place On Earth." Later, one of Truman's colleagues explains that he will be required to deliver an insurance policy to a neighbouring island. Truman voices his concern, but goes anyway. It is revealed that Truman is deeply afraid of water, and while walking gingerly along the jetty, he stumbles across a half-sinking rowing boat. Overcome with anxiety, Truman walks back to dry land. That night, Truman and his long-time best friend, Marlon, sit drinking beer and taking swings at golf balls at a half-constructed bridge. Truman confides to Marlon that he is bored of Seahaven and wants to explore the world, in particular to visit Fiji. Marlon dismisses the idea, claiming that there is nowhere worth visiting, and Truman heads to the beach alone.

Father's Death

While sitting on the beach, Truman has a flashback of his father, who, while sailing with Truman as a child, drowned during a storm. It is suggested that Truman feels responsible for his father's death, as he insisted they sail a little further from land, right into the teeth of the storm. Back at the beach, a concentrated cone of rain falls on Truman. Truman gets up and walks a few feet before realizing that it is only raining in the exact spot where he was previously sitting. The cone of rain then moves and covers Truman again. Truman runs away with the rain trying to catch him, before the heavens open and rain covers the entire town (like the light falling from the sky, this appears to be a failure with the artificial world's equipment). Back at his home, Truman excitedly tries to convince his simpering wife Meryl to go travelling with him. Like Marlon, Meryl dismisses the idea as foolish, and tries to convince Truman that trying for a baby is an equally exciting adventure. Despondent, Truman goes to the cellar and rummages through his hidden treasure chest, bringing out a red sweater that belonged to his teenage hearthrob, Sylvia Garland.

Sylvia Garland

The producers of The Truman Show create another flashback, composed of footage from episodes aired when Truman was a university student. Truman first met Sylvia, who was just supposed to be an extra on the show, when he was in college. The directors were forced to bring in Meryl quickly (her cameo is shown as clumsy and rushed), and remove Sylvia from Trumans' view. At a dance, Truman sees Sylvia again and tries to break away from Meryl to meet her, but sees Sylvia bundled out of the dance hall by security officers. Later, while studying for his finals in the college library, Truman spots Sylvia at a desk and asks her out (Sylvia is shown as an actress when pretending to study Japanese; Truman speaks to her in Japanese and she does not understand, a mystery which Truman does not pursue). Truman asks Sylvia on a date and she shocks him by telling him if they are to go ona date, it has to be that evening, or it will never happen. Sylvia and Truman escape the cameras and arrive at the beach, where Sylvia says that she shouldn't be talking to him and makes a cryptic comment referring to "them" coming for her (the studio directors, unbeknownst to Truman). They kiss passionately as a car bounces onto the beach at full speed, and a middle-aged man steps out. Sylvia tries her best to explain to Truman that it is all fake and that he's the star of a TV show. Truman does not understand, and when questioning the man in the car (an actor claiming to be Sylvia's father), he is informed that she has schizophrenia and that they're moving to Fiji. This is the last time Truman sees Sylvia and the camera fades back to Truman in his basement. In a heart-wrenching scene, Truman takes out, from behind his and Meryl's wedding photo, a collage picture he has been building of Sylvia, using pictures torn from fashion magazines, revealing that years after the event, he is still in love with Sylvia.

The next day shows a new episode, starting with Truman's familiar cheerful greeting to his neighbours, and follows Truman driving into work while listening to the radio. The radio begins to relay static and when truman fiddles with the dials, he picks up a bizarre frequency, on which a man appears to be describing Truman's every move, including him turning his car left into Lancaster Square. Suddenly, the announcer panics and shouts "He can hear us", and the frequency changes to an ear-splitting whistle for a second (a shot depicts everyone in the town, apart from Truman, wincing in pain and clasping their ears when the whistle comes through on their hidden earpieces). The frequencies quickly changes back to the original radio station, with the announcer feebly explaining that the frequency had picked up a police transmission. Unconvinced, Truman wanders around the square, and the scene becomes eerie as Truman, confused and suspicious, wanders around wondering what is really going on. Instead of going into his office building, he picks a random building and marches towards the lifts. As two panicked security guards rush towards him, the lift doors open to reveal what appears to be a backstage area, where actors are sitting at a refreshments table, before a camera technician hurriedly places a cardboard elevator backing in place. Deeply confused, Truman asks what is happening but is thrown out of the building for no apparent reason by the security guards. Confused, Truman sits down at an outdoors café and sees a man watching him, who immediately scurries away when he sees that he has been spotted. Following him, Truman steps into the road right in front of an oncoming bus, whose driver appears to have been carefully watching Truman, as he slams on the brakes in time. By this stage Truman has no idea what is happening, and goes into a shop where Marlon is working, explaining his paranoia and suspicions that he is being followed, or watched. Marlon brushes off Truman's idea but agrees to follow him to the deserted bridge for a talk.

That evening, Truman, Meryl, and Truman's elderly mother are going through old photo albums. When he sees a picture of himself as a child at Mount Rushmore, his mother explains that he slept during the entire journey (unlikely, as the distance from coastal Seahaven to Rushmore would be several days' driving), and when Truman remarks that the monument looks so small, his mother immediately turns the page to stop him looking at it (suggesting that they were in fact photographed next to a cardboard cut-out). Meryl and his mother eventually leave, and Truman flicks through his wedding photos. At the picture of himself and Meryl kissing at the ceremony, he suddenly notices that in the picture, Meryl is crossing her fingers.

The next day begins with Truman scanning radio frequencies, trying to find the one he came across the previous day. Meryl (who apears to work as a nurse) is about to leave for work, and tells Truman that there was an elevator accident next to the building where he works (where he saw the backstage area) as a poor explanation of what Truman saw. Truman replies "I'll cross my fingers for you"; Meryl is momentarily caught off-guard, but retains her composure as a professional actress. Determined to find the truth, Truman follows her to the hospital on his bicycle and makes his way through the hallways, where various carefully-arranged incidents attempt to stall him in the corridors. He reaches the operating theatre and peers through a window as the actors pretend to perform surgery on a patient. The "surgeon" tries to appear calm but blatantly does not know what he is doing, and when he cuts into the patient's leg, Truman sees that the "leg" is made of metal and sees the apparently unconscious patient glance at the surgeon. Truman is once again bundled away by a security guard, and is next seen at a travel agency (filled with posters urging people not to travel), trying to book a flight to Fiji. The agent explains that all planes are booked for at least a month, and Truman instead books a coach ticket to Chicago. He boards the coach (filled with stereotypical travellers including nuns, a serviceman in unifrom, and a little girl who recognises him as the star of the show but is quickly hushed up), but the actor playing the bus driver does not know how to drive the vehicle and accidently damages the engine. The other passengers immediately get off the bus without complaining, leaving Truman alone and despondent.

Back at their house, Meryl arrives home from work and finds Truman sitting in his car on the driveway. Truman, who is carefully watching his rearview mirror, tells her to get in, and astounds her by predicting that in a moment, they will see a lady on a red bike, followed by a man with flowers, and a Volkswagen Beetle with a dented fender. Meryl tries to laugh it off but Truman forces her to remain in the car, and surely enough they see a lady on a red bike, a man with flowers and a dented Beetle. Truman begins to act strangely and says that they are on a continuous loop - they are not actually travelling anywhere, but are just going around the block again and again. Meryl tries to change the subject, and angrily, Truman says he's leaving. Meryl gives in and tells him to go wherever he wants (knowing that he will never be allowed off the island), but Truman instead locks the car doors, tells Meryl she is coming too, and drives off. While on the road Truman tells her that he wants to go to Atlantic City, but when he turns the car onto a different road, traffic emerges from nowhere and immediately forms a traffic jam in front of him. Suspicious, Truman reverses and instead decides to go to New Orleans. Turning onto the same road, the cars have magically disappeared. When he reaches the bridge connecting Seahaven to the mainland, his fear of water makes him too scared to drive over the bridge, and when Meryl soothingly suggests they go home, he places her hands on the driving wheel and they hurtle across the bridge. After leaving the bridge, Truman ignores a sign warning of forest fires and plunges the car straight into a huuriedly-prepared fire, which appears to be nothing more than a hasty pyrotechnics display on the tarmac itself. As the car heads towards the edge of the geodesic dome, the producers try one last effort to stop Truman, and fake a reactor leak at the local nuclear power station. Truman is stopped by a police officer who advises them to head back, and when Truman thanks the officer (whom he has never met), the officer replies, "You're welcome, Truman". Meryl looks nervous and Truman, stunned, jumps out of the car and starts running into the forest. He is followed by men in radiation suits and eventually captured while trying to fend them off. Finally, he is taken back home by two police officers who surprisingly let him off with only a verbal warning.

Truman sits in the kitchen staring into space, and asks Meryl why she married him, as she clearly does not love him. Meryl offers to make him some cocoa and slips into one of her rehearsed advertising speeches, telling Truman about the cocoa's country of origin and ingredients. This bewilders Truman even further and Meryl, beginning to lose her nerve, tells Truman that he's having a nervous breakdown. She tries to defend herself with a knife but Truman lunges towards her and puts her in an armlock, prompting Meryl to look straight into the nearest camera and scream "Do something!". Truman asks her who she's talking to and she pathetically tries to dismiss the incident. At this point, Marlon suddenly appears and Meryl runs towards him, screaming "I can't work under these conditions, it's not professional".

The scene changes to Marlon and Truman at the deserted bridge. Truman, who is indeed on the verge of a breakdown, confides to Marlon his fear that he is losing his mind, and that he no longer understands what is happening in his life. In a tragic scene, Cristof (the main director) is shown whispering to Marlon through his earpiece what to say to Truman, and unknown to Truman, Marlon's response that he would never betray Truman, that he would never lie to him, is shown to be a lie. Truman starts to cry, and at this point Marlon stands him up and turns him towards the road, where a figure is approaching through the mist. As he approaches, he is revealed to be Truman's father. The scene again changes to Cristof in the directing suite, and the scene becomes even more tragic as it is revealed that although Truman is lost and deeply emotional, the entire sequence is being stage-managed for entertainment, regardless of Truman's feelings. The scene ends with Truman breaking into tears of joy as he hugs his "father" (an actor), and the staff of the directing suite cheering Cristof's "creative genius".

Truman Show Special

The scene suddenly changes to what appears to be the beginning of a television programme, which is revealed to be a special on The Truman Channel. While a sequence of shots show Truman as a child, a baby, and even a fetus, and show the gargantuan geodesic dome he unwittingly lives in, a narrator summarises the history of The Truman Show, proudly stating how popular the programme is and the engineering genius of the dome. The show itself begins with host Mike Michaelson summarising the events that have taken place thus far, and Michaelson goes on to condust an interview with Cristof. Cristof summarizes Truman's life and gives details of upcoming syorylines, including an apparent new romantic interest for Truman and a very weak explanation that Truman's father's disappearance will just be explained away as amnesia. In response to Michaelson's questions, Cristof admits:

Cristof answers a few on-air telephone calls, including one from Sylvia (whose real name is Lauren, "Sylvia" was simply her character's name). She lambasts Cristof for imprisoning Truman, and judging by posters seen in her room, it appears that there are campaigners in the real world who believe that the show is morally wrong, and wish to free Truman from his gilded cage. Despite her protests, Cristof replies that Truman has everything he wants, that he lives in a perfect world, and that the outside world, reality, is a horrible place from which he is shielding Truman. This suggests that even though Truman can legally leave, he is in truth a prisoner in the dome, and that the producers do not expect him ever to leave.

\"Cut Transmission\"

After the special, the channel again turns to continous transmission of Truman's life, and in a poignant scene, Cristof gently caresses the image of Truman sleeping, suggesting that Cristof does genuinely care for him. The next day begins as normal, and the show's staff feel relieved that Truman is back to his old self. They do not realise that (ironically) Truman is faking it. By this point, Truman and Meryl have separated and Truman has started sleeping in the basement. That night, Cristof suddenly becomes suspicious of this unpredicted behaviour and pans the basement camera to try and get a better view. The audio relay suggests he is sleeping, but Cristof is worried and orders Marlon to drive to the house immediately, with a weak excuse, and wake him up. Marlon goes down to the basement and instead of finding Truman, finds an inflatable toy under a blanket, with a tape recorder playing snoring in a loop. Worried, Marlon keeps his composure and hunts for Truman in the basement, finding a hole dug from the basement to the lawn. Realising that Truman has escaped, Cristof tells Marlon to keep up the pretence and stay light-hearted, but instead Marlon looks straight into the camera and says "he's gone." Panicking, Cristof cuts the transmission for the first time ever, shocking the world as The Truman Channel goes off-air. Every actor in Seahaven is called out to look for Truman, and the studio takes increasingly desperate measures. As the actors search the town, the moon (an observation platform high up in the dome, from which Cristof can survey Seahaven) lights up and sweeps the town as a giant searchlight. In need of more light, Cristof cues the sun ahead of time, and the actors of Seahaven see the sun rising in the middle of the night.

\"Resume Transmission\"

Cristof realises that no-one is watching the artificial sea. Scanning the water, they eventually find Truman on a small yacht, sailing out to sea. Cristof is impressed that Truman has conquered his fear of water, and resumes transmission, showing Truman smiling as he heroically steers out to sea. However, they need Truman to turn back, and so Cristof orders his technicians to create an artificial thunderstorm directly over Truman's boat, hoping that the memories of his father's "death" will prompt him to turn back. Truman, though, continues to sail out to sea, and after encountering heavy waves, rain, and wind, Truman screams out to the sky "Is that the best you can do?" and continues sailing. Cristof orders the technicians to increase windspeed, and when the technicians refuse, Cristof does it himself. The president of the corporation demands that Cristof cease transmission and end the storm, fearing that Truman will die on live television. Cristof replies icily that Truman was born before a live audience, so he should die before one too. As the storm rages, Truman lashes himself to the wheel moments before his boat capsizes, leaving Truman hanging on for life. Cristof reduces the storm and the boat rights itself, leaving Truman's lifeless body still lashed to the wheel. The clouds disappear and as the sun shines down, Truman wakes up, recovers himself, and continues sailing. Truman becomes confused when he sees the shadow of the boat's mast appear against the sky, but before he has time to think, the boat crashes into the sky.

Feeling his way along the boat, Truman reaches the end of the bowsprit and stretches out his hand. He sees his arm forming a shadow against the sky, and when his hand touches concrete, he lets out a despairing cry. He looks above him into the sky and finally realises that he is living in a painted dome. A heart-wrenching scene follows as Truman, screaming, pounds against the wall with his fists while tears stream down his face. Finally he collapses onto the deck sobbing, and at this point notices a gangway running around the edge of the dome at the waterline. He steps onto it, walks a few paces, and finds a disguised staircase leading to a door. Standing at the door, Truman gazes at the handle, which reads "Exit", but he is reluctant to open it.

Cristof takes his seat in the moon room and is connected to a public announcement system so that he can talk to Truman. As Truman slowly stretches his hand towards the door, Cristof greets him, and Truman turns around stunned to hear a voice booming from the sky. Cristof explains to Truman that he is the star of a television show, and that he is its creator. He tells Truman that he belongs in Seahaven, that Cristof has known him his whole life, to which Truman replies that Cristof "never had a camera in my head". Cristof explains that he knows Truman better than Truman himself does, and fondly reminisces to Truman of his life, saying that he was there when Truman was born, that he watched Truman on his first day of school, and smiles benevolently when he tells Truman how he lost his first tooth. Annoyed that Truman does not reply, Cristof tells him to say something, that he's live on television to the entire world. Truman slowly turns round, grins into the camera on top of his boat's mast, and says his signature line: "In case I don't see ya. Good afternoon, good evening, and good night." He takes a bow, and walks out the door. Across the world, fans of the show cheer, Sylvia breaks into tears of joy and rushes out of her house (presumably to find him), and Cristof, ruined, sinks his head into his hands. The president of the network leans over to a technician and cuts the transmission forever. As The Truman Channel goes off-air, viewers change the channel to watch something else.

End Credits.

Interpretations

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The Flammarion Woodcut may have influenced the ending scene of The Truman Show.
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The Flammarion Woodcut may have influenced the ending scene of The Truman Show.

The Truman Show can be considered a parody of the soap opera genre and reality television.

Truman levels a critique of contemporary American society, where lives and identities are increasingly structured by hegemonic ideas principally trafficked in mass media.

There are elements of theology and ontology present in The Truman Show. Some believe it draws heavily on themes of Gnosticism. Gnosticism teaches that the world we live in is essentially false - the creation of a somewhat evil and twisted god called the Demiurge. Another religious theme connects the film to the Book of Job, where Satan, in a wager with God, puts Job through a series of hardships to see if he will renounce God's name. Another possible religious allegory could be that of the Garden of Eden, where Adam (Truman) eats from the tree of knowledge and, (discovering the unreality he lives in), leaves Eden (the perfect town Truman lives in).

Perhaps most notably, the film exhibits many similarities to Plato's allegory of the cave, in which prisoners forced to view shadows on a wall in an underground grotto come to believe that this is reality; an escaped prisoner would at first be unable to perceive the real world, with the shadows as his only frame of reference.

Some Christian anarchists believe the movie is an analogy of an individual's path to enlightenment, search for truth and quest for freedom from earthly authority. Once Truman discovers that the world in which he lives, where everything happens in perfect order, is illusionary, he has to overcome his own personal fears and insecurities in order to escape. He also finds that he has to disregard the views of skeptical friends and family, who would prefer things stayed the same rather than upset the status quo. In the last few frames these Christian anarchists say he finally reaches the doorway to the Kingdom of Heaven.

Close viewing reveals many subtle references to subjects ranging from classic television (The Prisoner) to the Bible. For example, the number of the boat (139) represents Psalm 139, where the Psalmist talks about God knowing the Psalmist's location and his every thought. The creator of the television show, "Christof" (Ed Harris), tries to take God's role, but Truman refutes this claim ("You never had a camera in my head"). Another interpretation is that Truman's defiance against his circumstances is a manifestation of the free will that God/Christof gave him. The show's premise, that Truman be an independent person with free will, echoes the relationship between man and God and thus is ironically that which defeats it: given the choice, Truman chooses to leave.

Similar to George Orwell's novel 1984, the film explores the idea of humans being able to control both reality and one's perception of reality. Through subtleties (a "dangers of flying" poster, a well-placed TV show covering the benefits of staying close to home, and of course the sailing incident), Christof attempts to control Truman's mind through the predicted effects of the influences he is forced to encounter (see: Nature versus nurture). In 1984, the Inner Party tries to control human nature through incessant subtle propaganda.

Characters' names

Truman at his desk
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Truman at his desk

Truman
The name 'Truman' is made up of two words
Meryl
Truman's wife is named for Meryl Streep, an actress. She is so named because she is merely an actress posing as someone who loves Truman; she has no true feelings for him. As well as playing his wife, Meryl's primary function in the show is that of advertising, both showing and suggesting products to Truman in great detail that would never ordinarily enter a casual conversation.
Marlon
Truman's best friend is named for Marlon Brando. Like Meryl, he is only an actor, and has no genuine feelings of friendship for Truman. This is most apparent during the dock scene, when he blatantly lies to Truman, telling him "I can't be part of 'it' because there is no 'it',", under direction from Christof through an earpiece. Whenever he appears in Truman's life, he almost always has a six-pack of "brewskies" (beer) with him.
Christof
The creator of Truman's universe, the name is an allusion to God. The name Christof is derived of the name Christopher, a Greek name meaning “Christ bearer”. Indeed, Christof has born the "Christ", Truman, into his world, Sea Haven. Christof oversees the universe from the sky or heavens inside his studio, which in turn is inside the false moon of the "studio." The image of the character is also very similar physically to Jean-Paul Sartre.
Louis Coltrane
The name of the "actor" who plays Marlon is listed at the beginning of the film as "Louis Coltrane", an amalgam of the names of the jazz musicians Louis Armstrong and John Coltrane. The character also plays trumpet in the film, another allusion to Armstrong.
Sylvia
The name of the "actress" who plays Lauren, with whom Truman was in love. Her name and character are considered by some to be analogous to the gnostic Sophia.

Soundtrack

Philip Glass appears very briefly in the film as one of the in-studio composer/performers; and the soundtrack for the scenes of freedom contain excerpts from his scores for Powaqqatsi and Anima Mundi, as well as some music composed specifically for The Truman Show. Glass shared a Golden Globe Award with Burkhard Dallwitz for the score.

The film also contains a Frédéric Chopin composition, 2nd Movement from Piano Concerto No. 1 in E, Op.11: Romance-Larghetto, which was performed by pianist Artur Rubinstein.

Awards

The Truman Show was nominated for three Oscars and six Golden Globes. It won three Golden Globes.

The movie won the 1999 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation.

Trivia

TV infiltrator wearing a sign that says "Truman you are on TV"
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TV infiltrator wearing a sign that says "Truman you are on TV"

  1. Mococoa - "All-natural chocolate drink, made from beans grown on the upper slopes of Mt. Nicaragua"
  2. Kaiser Chicken - ubiquitously advertised free-range chicken meat
  3. Chef's Pal - a set of knives which can do anything from grate to peel.
  4. Elk Rotaries-Lawn Mower
  5. Carlton Homes
  6. Marlon's Beer

Taglines

See also

External links


Films Directed by Peter Weir
Homesdale | The Cars That Ate Paris | Picnic at Hanging Rock | The Last Wave | Gallipoli | The Year of Living Dangerously | Witness | The Mosquito Coast | Dead Poets Society | Green Card | Fearless | The Truman Show | | War Magician | Pattern Recognition


 


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