Thunderbird (mythology)
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The Thunderbird is a mythical creature common to Native American religion. Its name comes from that supposition that the beating of its enormous wings causes thunder and stirs the wind. The Lakota name for the Thunderbird is "Wakinyan", a word formed from "kinyan", meaning "winged", and "wakan", "sacred". The Kwakiutl called him "Hohoq," and the Nootka called him "Kw-Uhnx-Wa." It is described as being two canoe-lengths from wingtip to wingtip, and it creates storms as it flies- clouds are pulled together by its wingbeats, the sound of thunder is its wings clapping, sheet lightning is the light flashing from its eyes when it blinks, and individual lightning bolts are glowing snakes that it carries with it. In masks, it is depicted as many-colored, with two curling horns, and sometimes with teeth within its beak.
Depending on the people telling the story, the Thunderbird is either a singular entity, or a species. In both cases, it is intelligent, powerful, and wrathful. All agree that one should go out of one's way to keep from getting them angry.
The singular Thunderbird (as the Nootka believed) was said to reside on the top of a mountain, and was the servant of the Great Spirit. The Thunderbird only flew about to carry messages from one spirit to another.
The plural thunderbirds (as the Kwakiutl and Cowichan tribes believed) could shapeshift to human form by tilting back their beak as if it were only a mask, and by removing their feathers as if it were a feather-covered blanket. There are stories of thunderbirds in human form marrying into human families, who still trace their lineage to this. Families of thunderbirds who kept to themselves, but wore human form, lived along the northern tip of Vancouver Island- other tribes soon forgot the nature of one of these thunderbird families, and when one tribe tried to take them as slaves, the thunderbirds put on their feather blankets and transformed to take vengeance upon their foolish captors.
The Sioux believed that in old times the thunderbirds destroyed dangerous reptilian monsters called the Unktehila.
A famous story of the Thunderbird is "Thunderbird and Whale". The Thunderbird mythology parallels tales of the Roc from around the Indian Ocean; the roc is generally assumed to be based on real species of birds (though in its mythical form, it is an exaggeration).
Contemporary Cryptozoological sightings
There is a story that in April 1890, two cowboys in Arizona killed a giant birdlike creature with an enormous wingspan. It was said it had smooth skin, and featherless wings like a bat. Its face resembled an alligator. This description has more than a cursory similarity to the prehistoric pterodactyl. They dragged the carcass back to town, and it was pinned, wings outstretched across the entire length of a barn. There is supposed to be a picture of this event, that may or may not have been published in the local newspaper, the Tombstone Epitaph. Despite numerous people who have claimed to have seen this photograph recently, no one has ever been able to produce a copy of the picture nor make historic corroboration that this event ever occurred, and it is most likely an urban legend. Ivan Sanderson is perhaps the best-known person who claimed to have seen this Thunderbird Photograph.
There have also been thunderbird sightings more recently. In the 1960s and 1970s, sightings of a large bird the size of a Piper Cub airplane were made in Washington, Utah, and Idaho. On occasion, such reports were accompanied by large footprints or other purported evidence.
Among the most controversial reports is a July 25, 1977 account from Lawndale, Illinois. About 9 p.m. a group of three boys were at play in a residential back yard. Two large birds approached, and chased the boys. Two escaped unharmed, but the third boy, ten-year-old Marlon Lowe, did not. One of the birds reportedly clamped his shoulder with its claws, then lifted Lowe about two feet off the ground, carrying him some distance. Lowe fought against the bird, which released him.
Viewed by some as a tall tale, the descriptions given by the witnesses of these birds match that of an Andean condor: a large black bird, with a white ringed neck and a wingspan up to 10 feet. One account of the Marlon Lowe tale is at this external link: [link] In South America, some Andean condors are purported to attack and carry away newborns when very hungry or otherwise starved, but it is unknown whether this is based in fact as condors do not hunt live prey.
In 2002, a new sighting in Alaska was announced; the most probable explanation was a stray Steller's Sea Eagle.
Some cryptozoologists have theorized the thunderbird myth to be based on sightings of a real animal that has of late dwindled in population. Initially this was scoffed at by skeptics saying a bird that large could not have flown. This is not outside the realm of possibility: the prehistoric vulture-like Aiornis incredibilis (previously known as Teratornis) had a wingspan of around 5 m (16 ft) and was capable of flight, but probably would have favored heavy winds to faciliate takeoff. This bird, however, was probably never seen alive by humans, but a slightly smaller relative, Teratornis merriami certainly was not infrequently encountered by early Amerindians. Cryptozoologists also posit that the thunderbird was associated with storms because they followed the drafts to stay in flight, not unlike a modern eagle rides mountain upcurrents. Noted cryptozoologist John Keel claimed to have mapped several thunderbird sightings and found that they corresponded chronologically and geographically with storms moving across the United States.
Paleontologists reject the continuing existence of a large and conspicuous bird like Aiornis or Teratornis in modern times, pointing out that Native American thunderbirds were not especially similar to this creature (and usually not very similar to birds at all). The changes of "thunderbird" records over the years - from pterodactyl-like beings in the late 19th and early 20th century to teratorn-like birds being mentioned from the middle 20th century onwards, but apparently not before teratorn fossils were discovered and described - suggest that most records are considerably shaped by underlying expectations. It is furthermore telling that the latter are described as condor-like; while the vernacular name of Aiornis is "Giant Condor", this is erroneous since the birds are not very closely related, and while many early reconstructions of teratorns show condor-like birds, it is far from certain that the birds looked very alike.
It is, however, generally accepted that the first humans that settled North America did in fact encounter Teratornis merriami, making it the largest flying bird ever seen alive by humans. Native American tales of mammoth-like animals suggest that it is possible for oral tradition of an incredible creature to survive 30.000 years. Thus, the most likely explanation for the Thunderbird legends is that they are mythologically expanded narratives based on the Teratornis.
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