Tibet Autonomous Region

Encyclopedia : T : TI : TIB : Tibet Autonomous Region

The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) (Tibetan: བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས་; Wylie: Bod-rang-skyong-ljongs; Simplified Chinese: }}}; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), is a province-level autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Within the PRC the TAR is identified with Tibet, a characterization hotly disputed by many Tibetan exile groups, particularly the Government of Tibet in Exile, which define the terms "Tibet" or "historic Tibet" to include not just the TAR, but also the traditional province of Amdo, today incorporated in Qinghai province and southwestern of Gansu province, and the traditional province of Kham (eastern half), today in western Sichuan province and northwestern Yunnan province. The TAR includes about half of historic Tibet, including the traditional provinces of Ü-Tsang and Kham (western half). Its borders coincide roughly with the actual zone of control of the government of Tibet before 1959.

There is also a debate surrounding the extent of actual autonomy in the TAR. The opinion of the PRC is that the TAR has ample autonomy, as guaranteed under Articles 111-122 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China as well as the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy of the People's Republic of China. For example, the chairman of the TAR must be ethnic Tibetan, by law. However, independence advocates are of the opinion that the TAR has little or no autonomy. For over a decade, the 14th Dalai Lama has publicly stated that he seeks to negotiate "genuine self-government" or "genuine self-rule" for Tibet within the context of the Chinese state, indicating that he is of the opinion that in the current state the TAR does not give the Tibetans genuine self-rule.

Contents

1 History
2 Geography
3 Administrative divisions
4 Demographics
5 Economy
6 List of towns/villages in the Region
7 Tourism
8 Further reading
9 External links

9.1 For PRC rule and policies in Tibet
9.2 Against PRC rule and/or policies in Tibet
9.3 Apolitical

History

See History of Tibet for the history of the area before 1959.

Before 1959, the present extent of the TAR, comprising Ü-Tsang and western Kham, was governed by the government of Tibet headed by the Dalai Lama, which the Government of Tibet in Exile characterizes as a sovereign independent nation, and the governments of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China as a self-governing Region within China. Other parts of historic Tibet (eastern Kham and Amdo) were not under the administration of the Tibetan government during the 20th century; today they are distributed among the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan.

Following Soviet practice, there is a convention that the governor of the TAR is an ethnic Tibetan from the TAR while the general secretary of the local Communist Party committee is an outsider, usually Han Chinese. Notable general secretaries of the TAR Party committee include Hu Jintao who served in the 1980s.

Geography

The Tibet Autonomous Region is located on the Tibetan Plateau, the world's highest region.

The TAR is located on the Tibetan Plateau, the highest region on Earth. In northern Tibet elevations reach an average of over 4,572 metres. Most of the Himalaya mountain range lies within Xizang; Mount Everest is on Xizang's border with Nepal.

The TAR is bounded on the north and east by Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Sichuan, on the west by India and Kashmir, and on the south by Yunnan, Nepal, India and Bhutan.

Administrative divisions

Tibet Autonomous Region is divided into 1 prefecture-level city (Lhasa) and 6 prefectures (Nagqu Prefecture, Qamdo Prefecture, Nyinchi Prefecture, Shannan Prefecture, Xigazê Prefecture, Ngari Prefecture). All of these are in turn divided into 1 district (Chengguan District, Lhasa), 1 county-level city (Xigazê), and 71 counties.

See List of administrative divisions of Tibet Autonomous Region for a complete list of county-level divisions.

Demographics

The TAR has the lowest population density among all of the province-level administrative regions in China, mainly due to its mountainous and harsh geographical features.

Most of the population are ethnic Tibetans, who mainly adhere to Tibetan Buddhism and Bön. Han Chinese, who are recent immigrants from other parts of the People's Republic of China, comprise a sizeable portion of the population. There are some intermarriages between the two ethnicities.

Smaller tribal groups such as the Monpa and Lhoba, who follow a combination of Tibetan Buddhism and spirit worship, are found mainly in the southeastern parts of the region.

Economy

The Tibetans traditionally depended upon agriculture for survival. However since the 1980s, with the beginning of Chinese economic reform, other jobs such as taxi-driving and hotel retail work have become available. In 2005, Tibet's nominal GDP topped 25 billion yuan (US$3.1 billion), more than double the year 2000 figure of 11.78 billion yuan (US$1.47 billion). Tibet's annual GDP growth averaged 12% in the past five years. While traditional agricultural and animal husbandry industries continue to play a leading role in the local economic development, the tertiary sector has for the first time in 2005 surpassed the primary industry to contribute more than 50% to the local GDP growth [link] [link]. Besides, the re-opening of the Nathu La pass (in the southern Tibetan border with India) will facilitate Sino-Indian border trade, which will help to boost Tibet's economy [link]. The per capita disposable incomes of the urban and rural residents in Tibet averaged 8,411 yuan (US$1,051) and 2,075 yuan (US$259) respectively in 2005, up 30.4% and 55.9% over the 2000 level [link].

Recently, China Western Development policy is adopted to boost economic development in western China.

List of towns/villages in the Region

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Tourism

Ever since China opened its doors to tourists in the 1980s, many people from all over the world have came to visit and explore Tibet. The main attraction is the Potala Palace in Lhasa.

External links

For PRC rule and policies in Tibet

[China, Tibet and the Chinese nation]
[China Tibet Information Center]
[Chinese government white paper "Tibet -- Its Ownership And Human Rights Situation"] (1992)
[Chinese government white paper, "Tibet's March Toward Modernization"] (2001)
[Naming of Tibet] (Simplified Chinese)
[PRC Government Tibet information]
[Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet] (May 2004)
[Tibet Online] (Simplified Chinese)
[Tibet Tour (Tibet Tourism Bureau Official Site)]
[Tibet University] (Simplified Chinese)
[White Paper on Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection in Tibet]
[White Paper on Tibetan Culture and Homayk]

Against PRC rule and/or policies in Tibet

[Amnesty International Report 2004]
[Canada Tibet Committee]
[Central Tibetan Administration (Government in Exile)]
[Faith in Exile] - A video by the Guerrilla News Network
[Free Tibet website]
[Freedom of expression violations in Tibet]
[Olympic Watch] (Committee for the 2008 Olympic Games in a Free and Democratic Country) on Tibet-related issues
[Repression in Tibet]
[Repression in Tibet, 1987 - 1992]
[Students for a Free Tibet]
[The Government of Tibet in exile]
[Tibet Online - Tibet Support Group]
[Tibetan Studies WWW Virtual Library]
[Beefy's Nepal and Tibet Page] - photos and information on Tibet (and Nepal)
[The Impact of China's Reform Policy on the Nomads of Western Tibet by Melvyn C. Goldstein and Cynthia M. Beall] - An examination of the impact of China's post-1980 Tibet policy on a traditional nomadic area of Tibet's Changtang (Northern Plateau) about 300 miles west-north-west of Lhasa in Phala Xiang, Ngamring county.
[Wisconsin Tibetan Association]- The Official Website of the Wisconsin Tibetan Association
[Photos]- March 10th Commemoration - Tibetan National Uprising Day

Apolitical

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Province-level divisions administered by the People's Republic of China
Provinces:	Anhui \| Fujian \| Gansu \| Guangdong \| Guizhou \| Hainan \| Hebei \| Heilongjiang \| Henan \| Hubei \| Hunan \| Jiangsu \| Jiangxi \| Jilin \| Liaoning \| Qinghai \| Shaanxi \| Shandong \| Shanxi \| Sichuan \| Yunnan \| Zhejiang
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Municipalities:	Beijing \| Chongqing \| Shanghai \| Tianjin
Special administrative regions:	Hong Kong \| Macau
Special administrative regions:	See also: Taiwan Province (administered by the Republic of China)