Tibeto-Burman languages

Encyclopedia : T : TI : TIB : Tibeto-Burman languages

The Tibeto-Burman group of languages (often considered a sub-group of the Sino-Tibetan language family) is spoken in various central and south Asian countries, including Myanmar, northern Thailand, southern China (Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan), Nepal, Bhutan, India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir), and western Pakistan.

The subfamily includes approximately 350 languages; Burmese has the most speakers (approximately 32 million). Approximately six million Tibetans speak one of several related languages.

Some linguists (including Shafer 1966 and George van Driem) advocate elevating "Tibeto-Burman" to displace "Sino-Tibetan" as the top-tier language family, with the Chinese languages (Sinitic) classified as a branch of the Tibeto-Burman/Sino-Tibetan family.Van Driem, George "Tibeto-Burman Phylogeny and Prehistory: Languages, Material Culture and Genes". Bellwood, Peter & Renfrew, Colin (eds) Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis (2003), Ch 19.

Contents

1 Classification

1.1 Bradley (1997)
1.2 Benedict (1972)
1.3 Shafer (1966-1974)
1.4 Ethnologue

2 References
3 Bibliography
4 See also

Classification

There have been two major classifications: Shafer (1966) and Benedict (1972). Since then, many languages previously inadequately documented have received more attention with the publication of new grammars, dictionaries, and wordlists. This new research has greatly benefited comparative work. Bradley (1997) is a newer classification that incorporates the newer data.

Bradley (1997)

I. Bodic (a.k.a. Western)

A. Bodish

: i. Central Bodish (a.k.a. Tibetan)

:: a. Western Tibetan

:: b. Central Tibetan

::: i) Western

::: ii) mNgaẖris

::: iii) gTsang

::: iv) dBus (a.k.a. 'Central' Central Tibetan)

::: v) Southern Tibetan

:: c. Amdo Tibetan (a.k.a. Northeastern Tibetan)

:: d. Khams Tibetan (a.k.a. Southeastern Tibetan)

: ii. West Bodish (a.k.a. Gurung, Tamang)

: iii. East Bodish (a.k.a. Bumthang)

: iv. Tshangla (a.k.a. East Bodic)

: v. West Himalayish (a.k.a. Kanauri)

B. Himalayan

: i. Central

: ii. Kiranti

II. North-East India (a.k.a. Sal)

A. Bodo-Garo

: i. Northern Naga

B. Jinghpaw

C. Luish (a.k.a. Sak)

D. Pyu

III. Kuki-Chin

A. Southern Naga

B. Kuki

C. Chin

D. Arleng

IV. Central

A. Lepcha

B. Western Arunachal

C. Adi-Mising- Nishi (a.k.a. Abor-Miri-Dafla, Tani)

D. Digarish 'Mishmi'

E. Keman 'Mishmi'

F. Rawang (a.k.a. Nungish)

V. North-Eastern

VI. South-Eastern

A. Burmese-Lolo (a.k.a. Burmic)

: i. Mru

: ii. Gong

: iii. Burmish

: iv. Loloish

:: a. Northern

:: b. Central

:: c. Southern

B. Karen

Benedict (1972)

A very influential classification (although tentative) is that of Benedict (1972). This was a collaborated effort of Paul Benedict and Robert Shafer (completed around 1942-1943) with editing by James Matisoff. This classification puts Tibeto-Burman under a larger Sino-Tibetan phylum:

Sino-Tibetan

# Chinese

# Tibeto-Karen

#* Karen

#* Tibeto-Burman

The Tibeto-Burman sub-family is then composed of 7 main branches:

I. Tibetan-Kanauri (a.k.a. Bodish-Himalayish)

A. Bodish (in eastern & southern Tibet)

B. Himalayish

: i. "major" Himalayish (in western Tibet, western India)

: ii. "minor" Himalayish (in Uttaranchal)

: iii. Dzorgai (in Sichuan) ?

: iv. Lepcha (in Sikkim) ?

: v. Magari (in Nepal) ?

II. Bahing-Vayu (a.k.a. Kiranti) (in Nepal)

A. Bahing

B. Khambu

C. Vayu-Chepang

D. Nepal Bhasa ?

III. Abor-Miri-Dafla (a.k.a. Mirish, North Assam) (in Sikkim, northern Assam)

IV. Kachin (in northern Myanmar)

V. Burmese-Lolo (a.k.a. Burmish) (in Sichuan, Yunnan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam)

A. Burmese-Maru

B. Southern Lolo

C. Northern Lolo

D. Kanburi Lawa in Thailand

E. Moso (a.k.a. Nakhi) (in western Yunnan)

F. Hsi-fan (in western Sichuan)

G. Tangut (in northwestern China)

H. Nung ?

VI. Bodo-Garo (a.k.a. Barish) {in northern Assam, northern Myanmar)

A. Bodo

B. Garo

: i. Garo A

: ii. Garo B

C. "Naked Naga" (a.k.a. Konyak) ?

D. Chairel ?

VII. Kuki-Naga (a.k.a. Kukish) (in southern Assam-Myanmar area)

A. Central Kuki

B. Northern Kuki

C. Old Kuki

D. Southern Kuki

E. Northern Naga

F. Southern Naga

In this classification,

Bodish includes Tibetan, Gyarung, Takpa, Tsangla, Murmi, and Gurung;
major Himalayish includes Kanauri, Chitkhuli, Thebor, Kanashi, Rangloi, Bunan, Manchati, Chamba Lahuli, and Zhang-zhung;
minor Himalayish includes Rangkas, Darmiya, Chaudangsi, and Byangsi.

Dzorgai, Lepcha, and Magari seem to be most similar to the Tibetan-Kanauri branch. Lepcha may be a separate transitional branch like Kachin. Margari is also similar to Bahing-Vayu.

Bahing includes Sunwari, Dumi, Khaling, and Rai.
Khambu includes Sangpang, Nachereng, Rodong, Waling, Rungchengbung, Lambichong, Chingtang, Limbu, and Yakha.

Nepal Bhasa (Newari) shares similarities to both Bahing and Khambu. Aka (a.k.a. Hrusso) may belong to Abor-Miri-Dafla. Digaro, Miju, and Dhimal may also be Abor-Miri-Dafla, but this even more uncertain. Kachin seems to be a transitional branch containing features similar to all other branches. Kadu-Andro-Sengmai (a.k.a. Luish) and Taman may belong to Kachin.

Burmese-Maru includes Phön, Lashi, Atsi, and Achang.
Southern Lolo includes Phunoi, Akha, Lahu, Black Lolo, White Lolo, and Müng.
Northern Lolo includes Lisu, Ahi, Nyi, Lolopho, Chöko, Phupha, Ulu, and Independent Lolo.
Hsi-fan includes Manyak, Horpa, Menia, and Muli.

Nung may belong to Burmese-Lolo, but it also has similarities to Kachin. Pyu is similar to Nung.

Bodo includes Dimasa.
Naked Naga includes Banpara, Tableng, Namsang, Tamlu, Moshang, and Chang. Eastern languages of Naked Naga, although similar to Bodo-Garo, have similarities with Kachin.

Deori Chutiya (northern Assam) belongs to Bodo-Garo, although to which sub-group is uncertain.

Shafer (1966-1974)

Unlike Benedict (1972), Shafer's tentative classification does not separate Sino-Tibetan into two branches: Chinese and Tibeto-Burman. Rather, Chinese (Sinitic) is placed on the same level as Benedict's subgroupings of Tibeto-Burman.

Sino-Tibetan:

I. Sinitic

II. Daic

III. Bodic

IV. Burmic

V. Baric

VI. Karenic

Ethnologue

I. Bai

II. Himalayish

A. Mahakiranti

: i. Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwari

:: a. Chepang

:: b. Kham

:: c. Magar

:: d. Sunwari

: ii. Kiranti

:: a. Tomyang

:: b. Eastern

:: c. Western

: iii. Newari

B. Tibeto-Kanauri

: i. Dzalakha

: ii. Lepcha

: iii. Western Himalayish

: iv. Tibetic

:: a. Tshangla

:: b. Dhimal

:: c. Tamangic

:: d. Tibetan

C. Baima (unclassified)

III. Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo

A. Jingpho-Luish

B. Konyak-Bodo-Garo

IV. Karen

A. Pa’o

B. Zayein

C. Pwo

D. Sgaw-Bghai

: i. Bghai

: ii. Brek

: iii. Kayah

: iv. Sgaw

E. Zayein Karen (unclassified)

V. Kuki-Chin-Naga

A. Kuki-Chin

: i. Central

: ii. Northern

: iii. Southern

B. Naga

: i. Angami-Pochuri

: ii. Ao

: iii. Tangkhul

: iv. unclassified Naga

: v. Zeme

VI. Lolo-Burmese

A. Burmish

: i. Northern

: ii. Southern

: iii. unclassified Burmish

B. Loloish

: i. Northern

:: a. Lisu

:: b. Samei

:: c. Yi

: i. Southern

: ii. unclassified Loloish

C. Naxi

D. Phula (unclassified)

VII. Meithei

VIII. Mikir

IX. North Assam

A. Deng

B. Tani

X. Nungish

XI. Tangut-Qiang

A. Qiangic

B. rGyarong

XII. Tujia

XII. unclassified Tibeto-Burman

XIV. West Bodish

XV. Mru

References

Bibliography

Benedict, Paul K. (1972). Sino-Tibetan: A conspectus. J. A. Matisoff (Ed.). Cambridge: The University Press. ISBN 0-521-08175-0.
Bradley, David. (1997). Tibeto-Burman languages and classification. In D. Bradley (Ed.), Papers in South East Asian linguistics: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas (No. 14, pp. 1-71). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Shafer, Robert. (1966). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 1). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Shafer, Robert. (1967). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 2). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Shafer, Robert. (1968). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 3). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Shafer, Robert. (1970). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 4). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Shafer, Robert. (1974). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 5). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.