Timeline of low-temperature technology

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Timeline of low-temperature technology

c.1850 - Michael Faraday makes a hypothesis that freezing substances increases their dielectric constant.
1877 - Raoul Pictet and Louis Paul Cailletet liquefy oxygen
1883 - Z.F. Wroblewski condenses experimentally useful quantities of liquid oxygen
1892 - James Dewar invents the vacuum-insulated, silver-plated glass Dewar flask
1895 - Carl von Linde files for patent protection of his process for liquefaction of atmospheric air or other gases (approved in 1903).
1898 - James Dewar condenses liquid hydrogen.
1900 - Nikola Tesla receives [U.S. Patent 685012], "Means for Increasing the Intensity of Electrical Oscillations". Tesla, also, receives [U.S. Patent RE11865], Method of Insulating Electric Conductors
1905 - Carl von Linde obtains pure oxygen and nitrogen.
1908 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes liquefies helium
1911 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discloses his research on metallic low temperature phenomenon characterised by no electrical resistance, calling it superconductivity.
1926 - Einstein refrigerator is a type of refrigerator co-invented by Albert Einstein and former student Leó Szilárd.
1926 - Willem Hendrik Keesom solidifies helium
1937 - Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, John F. Allen, and Don Misener discover superfluidity using helium-4 at 2.2 K
1951 - H. London invents the principle of the dilution refrigerator
1963 - W. Gifford and R. Longsworth invent the pulse tube cooler
1972 - David Lee, Robert C. Richardson and Douglas Osheroff discover superfluidity in helium-3 at 0.002 K.
1985 - Steven Chu invents laser cooling.
1986 - Karl Alexander Müller and J. Georg Bednorz discover high-temperature superconductivity
1995 - Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, using a dilute gas of Rubidium-87.
2000 - Peter Toennies demonstrates superfluidity of hydrogen at 0.15 K

Timeline of low-temperature technology

See also