Tom Brown's Schooldays
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Tom Brown's Schooldays, first published in 1857, is a novel by Thomas Hughes, set at a public school, Rugby School for Boys, in the 1830s when Hughes himself had been a student there.
The novel was originally published as being 'by an Old Boy of Rugby', and it is immediately apparent that much of it is based on the author's experiences. In fact, Tom Brown is based on the author's brother, George Hughes, and George Arthur is based on Arthur Penrhyn Stanley.
Tom Brown was tremendously influential on the genre of British school novels, which began in the 19th century, and is one of the few still in print.
Synopsis
Tom Brown is energetic, stubborn, kind-hearted, athletic more than intellectual. He acts according to his feelings and the unwritten rules of the boys around him more than adults' rules.The early chapters of the novel deal with his childhood at his home in the Vale of the White Horse (including a nostalgic picture of a village feast). Much of the scene setting in the first chapter is deeply revealing of Victorian England's attitudes on society and class.
His first school year was at a local school. His second year started at a private school, but due to an epidemic of fever in the area, all the school's boys were sent home, and Tom was transferred mid-term to Rugby School, where he started acquaintance with people who lived at the school and in its environs.
On his arrival, the eleven-year-old Tom Brown is looked after by a more experienced classmate, East. Soon after, Tom and East become the targets of a bully named Flashman. The intensity of the bullying increases, and, after refusing to hand over a sweepstake ticket for the favourite in a horse race, Tom is roasted in front of a fire. Tom and East eventually defeat Flashman with the help of a kind (though comical) older boy. In their triumph they become unruly.
In the second half of the book, Dr. Thomas Arnold (the historical headmaster of the school at the time) gives Tom the care of a new boy named George Arthur, frail, pious, academically brilliant, gauche, and sensitive. A fight that Tom gets into to protect Arthur, and Arthur's nearly dying of fever, are described in loving detail. Tom and Arthur help each other and their friends develop into young gentlemen who say their nightly prayers, don't cheat on homework, and are on the cricket team.
An epilogue shows Tom's return to Rugby and its chapel when he hears of Dr. Arnold's death.
Themes
A main element of the novel is Rugby with its traditions and with the reforms instituted by Dr. Arnold. Arnold is seldom on stage, but is shown as the perfect teacher and counselor and as managing everything behind the scenes. In particular, he is the one who "chums" Arthur with Tom. This helps them both become men.The central theme of the novel is the development of boys. The symmetrical way in which Tom and Arthur supply each other's deficiencies shows that Hughes believed in the importance of physical development, boldness, fighting spirit, and sociability (Tom's contribution) as well as Christian morality and idealism (Arthur's).
The novel is essentially didactic, and was not primarily written by its author as an entertainment. As Hughes said:
- Several persons, for whose judgement I have the highest respect, while saying very kind things about this book, have added, that the great fault of it is 'too much preaching'; but they hope I shall amend in this matter should I ever write again. Now this I most distinctly decline to do. Why, my whole object in writing at all was to get the chance of preaching! When a man comes to my time of life and has his bread to make, and very little time to spare, is it likely that he will spend almost the whole of his yearly vacation in writing a story just to amuse people? I think not. At any rate, I wouldn't do so myself.
Setting
The geography of Rugby has changed greatly since the period in which the book was set. The town has expanded enormously, industrialising in the late nineteenth century. For example, most of the pools along the River Avon that the boys used for swimming were obliterated when the BTH factory was built.In the book, Tom's first year at the school mentions no transport to Rugby except stagecoach, but the end part of Tom's last year mentions "the train". Therefore the Midland Railway was built along the Avon valley past Rugby while he was at the school. But none of his adventures around the river Avon mention the railway or its working, or the large rowdy noisy navvy-camp which would have been in the area while the railway was being built.
County boundaries have been changed so that most of the Vale of White Horse is now in Oxfordshire, not Berkshire as the author says several times.
Changes to the story in movie versions
Some of the movie versions change the story in important ways. Here are listed some differences for the 2005 ITV version mentioned below ("Movie 2") and an older version ("Movie 1").
| Event | Book | Movie 1 | Movie 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| The fight with Flashman | Unorganized fight as described above. The "two against one" imbalance is compensated for by Flashman being two years older and bigger. | Formal boxing-ring match, one against one. Tom wins. | Unorganized fight, one against one. Flashman wins. |
| How Tom starts at Rugby School | Transferred in mid-term because of the epidemic. | Transferred in mid-term because of the epidemic. | At start of term. |
| Why Flashman is expelled | He got very drunk in Brownsover and had to be helped back to school. | After the fight. | He got the school matron's daughter pregnant. And the fight. |
| Result of Arthur's illness | Survived. | (Not known) | Died. |
Related works
Hughes wrote a sequel, Tom Brown at Oxford (1861), which is much less well known.The character of Flashman was adopted by the British writer George MacDonald Fraser as the narrator and hero (or anti-hero) of his popular series of "Flashman" historical novels. The Flashman novels also include the minor character George Speedicut. One Flashman novel mentions the first publishing of Tom Brown's Schooldays and how it not only embarrasses him socially, but costs him a chance to receive the Victoria Cross as well. Flashman subsequently encounters Tom Brown in the third book, Flashman's Lady, when Brown invites him to attend a cricket match, in which Flashman scores the first reported hat-trick. Flashman also encounters the character of "Scud" East twice, first in Flashman at the Charge, when both he and East are PoW's during the Crimean War, and again in Flashman in the Great Game at the Siege of Cawnpore during the Indian Mutiny of 1857. East is killed during the massacre at the end and dies in Flashman's presence.
Fraser preens himself a bit on having garnered the information of East's death in India by actually reading Tom Brown in Oxford. In point of fact, "Scud" East survives his tour of duty in India (after suffering two bullet wounds, a broken arm and a gash in his side) and emigrates to New Zealand. For the curious, the relevant chapters are XXI ("The Intercepted Letter-Bag") and XLVIII ("The Wedding-Day").
Tom Brown's Schooldays was adapted for film in 1916 (British), 1940 (U.S.), and 1951 (British). It has also been adapted for television, as a mini-series by the BBC in 1972 and as a single two-hour programme by ITV in 2005.
Chris Kent, a British writer of homoerotica, wrote The Real Tom Brown's School Days: An English School Boy Parody (2002). Despite what might be inferred from the title and some reviews, this novel has a contemporary setting, and the characters and events do not closely mirror those of the original Tom Brown.
External links
- [Free eBook: Tom Brown's Schooldays] at Project Gutenberg
- [Tom Brown's Schooldays] with illustrations, from Bibliomania
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