Top quark
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The top quark is the third-generation up-type quark with a charge of +(2/3)e. It was discovered in 1995 by the CDF and D0 experiments at Fermilab, and is by far the most massive of the quarks. Its mass is currently measured at 172.5±2.3 GeV [link], nearly as heavy as a gold nucleus.
The top quark interacts primarily by the strong interaction but can only decay via the weak force. It almost exclusively decays to a W boson and a bottom quark. The Standard Model predicts its lifetime to be roughly 1×10−25 seconds; this is about 20 times faster than the timescale for strong interactions, and therefore it does not hadronize, giving physicists a unique opportunity to study a "bare" quark.
Top quark production and decay
As of 2006, Fermilab's Tevatron is the only place in the world where top quarks can be produced. Tevatron is an accelerator complex which collides protons and antiprotons at center-of-momentum energy of 1.96 TeV. There are two main top-production processes:
- Pair production via strong interactions
- Single production via weak interactions (not yet observed with statistical significance)
The top mass and electroweak symmetry breaking
The Standard Model describes fermion masses through the Higgs mechanism. The Higgs boson has a Yukawa coupling to the left- and right-handed top quarks. After electroweak symmetry breaking (when the Higgs acquires a vacuum expectation value), the left- and right-handed components mix, becoming a mass term.[\mathcal = y_t h q u^c \rightarrow \frac}( 1 + h^0/v) u u^c]
The top quark Yukawa coupling has a value of [y_t = \sqrt m_t/v \simeq 1], where [v=246~] is the value of the Higgs vacuum expectation value.
The top quark's large Yukawa coupling is indirect evidence for an elementary Higgs boson (in contrast to a composite Higgs boson).
The top Yukawa coupling
In the Standard Model, all of the quark and lepton Yukawa couplings are small compared to the top quark Yukawa coupling. Understanding this hierarchy in the fermion masses is an open problem in theoretical physics. Yukawa couplings are not constants and their properties change depending on how they are probed. The dynamics of Yukawa couplings are determined by the renormalization group equation.One of the prevailing views in particle physics is that the size of the top quark Yukawa coupling is determined by its renormalization group flow rather than its high energy value. If a quark Yukawa couplings starts off at a small value then its value exponentially grows at low energy. If a Yukawa coupling starts off at a large value, then its value drops quadratically. At some point these two effects cancel and its value will not grow or shrink. This value is known as a fixed point of the renormalization group equation. If the renormalization group is followed long enough, no matter what the initial starting value of the coupling was, it will reach this fixed point.
The top quark Yukawa coupling lies near the fixed point of its Standard Model renormalization group equation
[\mu \frac y_t = \frac\left(\fracy_t^2 - 8 g_3^2- \fracg_2^2\right)],
where [g_3] is the color gauge coupling and [g_2] is the weak isospin gauge coupling. The Yukawa coupling by itself drives the coupling lower, but the color gauge coupling drives it higher. The approximate value of the fixed point leads to a top quark mass of 280 GeV.
In the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (the MSSM), the renormalization group equation for the top quark Yukawa coupling is modified to be
[\mu \frac y_t = \frac\left(6y_t^2 +y_b^2- \frac g_3^2- 3g_2^2\right)],
where [y_b] is the bottom quark Yukawa coupling. This leads to a fixed point where the top mass is 170–200 GeV. The uncertainty in this prediction is because the bottom quark Yukawa coupling can be amplified in the MSSM. Some theorists believe that the MSSM fixed-point top quark mass being closer to the observed value of the top mass than the SM prediction is tentative evidence for the MSSM.
Measurements on the properties of the top quark
- The top quark was discovered in 1995 at Fermilab, whose Tevatron accelerator remains the only particle accelerator energetic enough to produce top quarks.
- At the current Tevatron energy of 1.96 TeV, top/anti-top pairs are produced with a cross section of about 7 picobarns. The Standard Model prediction (at next-to-leading order with mt = 175 GeV) is 6.7–7.5 picobarns.
- Combining measurements from both CDF and D0, the most precise estimation of the top quark mass is 172.5±2.3 GeV [link]
- Production of single top quarks through weak vector bosons is predicted in the Standard Model and has a cross section of 0.9 picobarns in the s-channel and 2.0 picobarns in the t-channel. Neither experiment at the Tevatron has observed this process with statistical significance and have set a limit of the combined s+t-channel cross-section to be less than 3.4 picobarns with an integrated luminosity of 695 inverse picobarns [link].
History
In the years leading up to the top quark discovery, it was realized that certain precision measurements of the electroweak vector boson masses and couplings are very sensitive to the value of the top quark mass. These effects become much larger for higher values of the top mass and therefore could indirectly see the top quark even if it could not be directly produced in any experiment at the time. The largest effect from the top quark mass was on the T parameter and by 1994 the precision of these indirect measurements had led to a prediction of the top quark mass to be between 145 GeV and 185 GeV. It is this precision calculation that led to Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus Veltman winning the Nobel Prize in physics in 1999.After the discovery of the first third-generation quark, an attempt was made to name it "beauty" and the predicted sixth quark "truth"; however, this later gave way to the names top and bottom instead.
External links
- [Combination of CDF and D0 Results on the Top Quark Mass]
- [Top quark information on Fermilab website]
- [Logbook pages from CDF and DZero collaborations' top quark discovery]
- [Public Homepage of Top Quark Analysis Results from D0 Collaboration at Fermilab]
- [Public Homepage of Top Quark Analysis Results from CDF Collaboration at Fermilab]
- [Harvard Magazine article about the 1994 top quark discovery]
- [Top Quark Production and Properties at the Tevatron] (June 2005)
- [1999 Nobel Prize in Physics]
| Particles in physics - elementary particles | [http://encycl.opentopia.com/ edit ] |
| Fermions: Quarks: (Up · Down · Strange · Charm · Bottom · Top) | Leptons: (Electron · Muon · Tau · Neutrinos) | |
| Gauge bosons: Photon | W and Z bosons | Gluons | |
| Not yet observed: Higgs boson | Graviton | Other hypothetical particles | |
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