Triumvirate

Encyclopedia : T : TR : TRI : Triumvirate

The term triumvirate is commonly used to describe a political regime dominated by three powerful political and/or military leaders. The arrangement can be formal or informal, and though the three are usually equal on paper, in reality this is rarely the case. The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all claim to be the sole leader of the state.

Contents

1 Etymology
2 Roman Triumvirates
3 Modern Triumvirates

3.1 Modern Italy
3.2 Modern Greece
3.3 New World

4 Other 'Triumvirates'
5 In fiction
6 Sources and references
7 See also

Etymology

The word stems from triumvir (which refers to each of its three members), from Old Latin phrase trium virum, genitive plural of tres viri "three men," from tres "three" + viri, plural of vir "man"

(compare the more informal troika from Russian)

Roman Triumvirates

Topics in Roman government
Roman Kingdom
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
Principate	Dominate
Western Empire	Byzantine Empire>Eastern Empire
Ordinary magistrates:
Praetor Quaestor Promagistrate	Aedile Tribune Censor Governor
Extraordinary magistrates:
Magister Equitum Consular tribune	Dictator Triumviri Decemviri
Offices, titles, and honorifics:
Pontifex Maximus Legatus Dux Officium Praefectus Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor	Magister Militum Imperator Princeps senatus Emperor Augustus Caesar Tetrarch
Politics and law:
Roman Senate Cursus honorum Roman assemblies	Collegiality Roman law Roman citizenship Imperium
[http://encycl.opentopia.com/ edit ]

Twice in the late pre-Principate period of the Roman republic, political power shifted de facto from the formal magistrates and senate to three ambitious men, who thus constituted a transitional government, known as triumviratus, each time only to break up again in civil war:
*The First Triumvirate was an informal political alliance of two rival generals, Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great representening the popular viz. senatorial party, with the extremely wealthy businessman Marcus Licinius Crassus. This fell apart after the death of Crassus, and the two other triumvirs fought a civil war, during which Pompey was killed and Caesar established his sole rule as perpetual dictator.
*The Second Triumvirate was a formal governing body, consisting of Octavian and Mark Antony, the rivals for real power, and third wheel Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Lepidus was sidelined early on in the triumvirate, and Antony was eliminated in a civil war, leaving Octavian as the sole leader.
In varous municipalities, also under the Principate, the chief magistracy was a college of three, styled triumviri.

Modern Triumvirates

The title was revived a few times for (short-lived) three-headed political 'magistratures' in post-feudal times.

Ironically, when the French revolutionaries turned to several Roman Magistrature names for their new institutions, the three-headed collective Head of State was bizarrely named Consulat, a term in use for two-headed magistratures since Antiquity; furthermore it included a "First Consul" who was not an equal, but the de facto solo head of state and government- a tyrannical position Napoleon Bonaparte chose to convert openly into the First French Empire.

Modern Italy

In the Roman Republic (1849), the title of two sets of three joint chiefs of state in the year 1849:

29 March - 1 July 1849: Carlo Armellini (b. 1777 - d. 1863), Giuseppe Mazzini (b. 1805 - d. 1872) & Conte Aurelio Saffi (b. 1819 - d. 1890)
1 till 4 July 1849: Aurelio Saliceti (again), Alessandro Calandrelli (b. 1805 - d. 1888) & Livio Mariani (no dates available)

Modern Greece

After the downfall of the first (and only thus styled) King of Greece, the Bavarian Othon on 23 October 1862, and Dimitrios Voulgaris' unsuccessful term (23 October 1862 - 30 January 1863) as president of the Provisional Government, a Triumvirate (30 January-30 October 1863) was established consisting of the same Dimitrios Voulgaris, the renowned Admiral Konstantinos Kanaris (b. 1790 - d. 1877) and Benizelos Rouphos (b. 1795 - d. 1868), which acted as a Regency until the arrival of the newly styled next Monarch, the first "King of the Hellenes" Georgios I.

A de facto triumvirate was set up during the First World War, to head the "Provisional Government of National Defence" in Thessaloniki, in September 1916, consisting of the popular liberal statesman Eleftherios Venizelos, General Panagiotis Danglis and Admiral Pavlos Koundouriotis.

New World

In the present Dominican Republic (eastern part of formerly Spanish Hispaniola island), twice (in a long list of styles, basically juntas, some also of three) :

29 May 1866 - 22 August 1866 - 1st Triumvirate (in rebellion from 1 May 1866):
*Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro (b. 1830 - d. 1874; formerly one of three 'Generals-in-Chief' 23 January 1865 - 24 January 1865)
*Gregorio Luperón (b. 1839 - d. 1897) PA
*Federico de Jesús García

26 September 1963 - 25 April 1965 - 2nd Triumvirate :
*Emilio de los Santos (b. 1903 - to 22 December 1963) (chairman; from 29 December 1963 succeeded by Donald Joseph Reid Cabral, b. 1923, UCN, new chairman)
*Manuel Enrique Tavares Espaillat (b. 1929)
*Ramón Tapia Espinal (b. 1926 - d. 2002)

Other 'Triumvirates'

The word has been used as a term of convenience, though not an official title, for other groups of three in a similar position :

Ottoman Triumvirate is another name for the Ottoman Interregnums
Great Triumvirate
Council of Three
Paraguayan Triumvirate

In fiction

Commonwealth Triumvirate in Andromeda describes the leading arrangement of the All Systems Commonwealth. Controlled by 3 triumvirs, Tri-Jema, Tri-Lorn and Tri-Ortiz, who was replaced by her sister [etymologically absurd: a woman as 'man'], Tri-Camille
Triumvirate of the Robotech Masters in fictional Robotech series.
The Advocacy of the War of the Worlds TV series, three aliens who made up a triumvirate to guide and counsel the lower classes.
A brief Triumvirate Borg appeared on Star Trek for the first three seasons.
In the television series The Pretender, a shadowy council, called the Triumvirate, headquartered in Africa, were apparently the powers that be of the mysterious Centre and were concerned about a prophecy involving Jarod.
In the DC Universe, specifically in the series of Etrigan the Demon, the Triumvirate rule hell.
In Orson Scott Card's Ender Series a triumvirate of the Strategos, the Polemarch, and the Hegemon are rulers to some extent.
In Alastair Reynolds's Revelation Space series the Triumvirate commands the lighthugger "Nostalgia for Infinity" foucusing on the "Triumvir Ilia Volyova".
In The Simpsons episode "Bart's Friend Falls In Love", triumvirate was a word in the closing credit segment "Homer Sez: Increase your Wordiness" with the definition "Three guys giving orders".
In the Anita Blake, Vampire Hunter Series by Laurell K. Hamilton, Anita Blake forms a triumvirate between herself (a necromancer/animator), Jean-Claude (a master vampire) and Richard (a werewolf). There are two other triumvirates in the series. One in KD consisting of Sabin, Cassandra and Dominic and the other in BO consisting of Padma, Thomas and Gideon.
In the video game [[Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams]], the three Genma (demon) leaders, Claudius the Chancellor, Rosencrantz the Scientist and Ophelia the Priestess formed what was known as the Triumvirate. Throughout the game they worked together to resurrect the Genma God of Light, Fortinbras.
In The Star Wars Expanded Universe, there have been several notable Triumvirates, including the Sith Triumvirate of Darths Traya, Nihilus, and Sion, and the Imperial Triumvirate of Moff Disra, Grodin Teirce, and Film.

Sources and references

[Etymology on line]
[World Statesmen] here Greece - see under each present country