Types of bagpipes
Encyclopedia : T : TY : TYP : Types of bagpipes
Contents
Europe
Great Britain
- Great Highland Bagpipe: perhaps the most well-known bagpipe.
- Northumbrian smallpipe: a smallpipe with a closed end chanter played in a staccatto style.
- Border pipe : Also called the "Lowland Bagpipe," commonly confused with Smallpipes, but much older. Played in the Lowlands of Scotland.
- Scottish smallpipe: a modern reinterpretation of an extinct instrument
- Cornish bagpipes: an extinct type of double chanter bagpipe from Cornwall (southwest England); there are currently attempts being made to revive it on the basis of literary descriptions and iconographic representations.
- Welsh pipes (pibe cyrn, pibgod): Of two types, one a descendant of the pibgorn, the other loosely based on the Breton Veuze. Both mouthblown with one bass drone.
- Lancashire Great-pipe: another extinct type of English bagpipe that enthusiasts are attempting to "reconstruct" based on descriptions and representations but no actual physical evidence.
- Pastoral bagpipe: ancestor of the Irish bagpipe, also played by the Scots and northeast English.
Ireland
- Uilleann pipes : Bellows-blown bagpipe with keyed chanter, from Ireland. The most common type of bagpipes in Irish traditional music.
- Great Irish Warpipes: Carried by most Irish regiments of the British Army (except the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers) until the late 1960s, when the Great Highland Bagpipe became standard. The Warpipe differed from the latter only in having a single tenor drone.
- Brian Boru bagpipes: Carried by the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers and had three drones, one of which was a baritone, pitched between bass and tenor. Unlike the chanter of Great Highland Bagpipe, its chanter is keyed, allowing for a greater tonal range.
- Pastoral Pipes: Although the exact origin of this pipe is uncertain, it was developed into the modern Uilleann bagpipe.
Eastern Europe
- Gaida (also the large kaba gaida from the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria): Southern Balkan (i.e. Bulgarian and Macedonian) and Greek and Albanian bagpipe with one drone and one chanter
- Gajdy or gajde: the name for various bagpipes of Eastern Europe, found in Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Croatia.
- Dudy (also known by the German name "Bock") : Czech bellows-blown bagpipe with a long, crooked drone and chanter that curves up at the end. There are at least three Polish traditions, generically known as "dudy," and the region of Zakopanie on the border with Slovakia is the home of the best known tradition.
- Magyar Duda or Hungarian duda (also known as tömlösíp, börduda and Croatian duda) has a double chanter (two parallel bores in a single stick of wood, Croatian versions have 3 or 4) with single reeds and a bass drone. It is typical of a large group of pipes played in the Carpathian Basin.
- Istarski mih (Piva d'Istria), a double chantered, droneless bagpipe whose side by side chanters are cut from a single rectangular piece of wood. They are typically single reed instruments, using the istrian scale.
- Cimpoi, the Romanian bagpipe, has a single drone and straight bore chanter and is less stringent than its Balkan relatives. The number of finger holes varies from five to eight and there are two types of cimpoi with a double chanter. The bag is often covered with embroidered cloth. The bagpipe can be found in most of Romania apart from the central, northern and eastern parts of Transylvania, but nowdays it is only played by a few elderly people.
- Torupill, of Estonia.[MP3]
France
- Musette de cour : French ancestor of the Northumbrian pipes, used in folk music as well as classical compositions in the 18th century French court. The shuttle design for the drones was recently revived and added to a mouth blown Scottish smallpipe.
- Biniou or biniou koz (old style bagpipe): a mouth blown bagpipe from Brittany, a Celtic region of northwestern France. It is the most famous bagpipe of France. The great Highland bagpipe is also used in marching bands called bagadoù and known as biniou braz (great bagpipe).
- Veuze, found in Vendée, similar to Galician gaitas.
- Cabrette, played in Auvergne.
- Chabrette or chabretta, found in Limousin.
- Bodega, found in Languedoc, made of an entire goat skin.
- Boha, found in Gascogne.
- Musette bressane, found in Bresse.
- Bagpipes of central France: (French cornemuse du centre or musette du centre) are of many different types, some mouth blown. It can be found in the Bourbonnais, Berry, Nivernais, and Morvan regions of France and in different tonalities.
- "Chabrette poitevine", found in Poitou but now extremely rare.
The Low Countries
Flanders and the Netherlands
- Doedelzak: the type of bagpipe made famous in the painings of Pieter Brueghel the Elder
Wallonia
- Muchosa or muchosac, found in Hainaut.
Germany
- Dudelsack : German bagpipe with two drones and one chanter. Also called Schaeferpfeife (shepherd pipe) or Sackpfeife. The drones are sometimes fit into one stock and do not lie on the player's shoulder but are tied to the front of the bag.
- Mittelaltersackpfeife : Recontruction of medieval bagpipes after descriptions by Michael Praetorius and depictions e.g. by Albrecht Durer. While the exterior is shaped after these, the interior is often similar to the scottish Great Highland Bagpipe, as well as the sound. Commonly tuned in A minor and used by bands specialised on medieval tunes. Often to be seen on medieval festivals and markets.
- Huemmelchen : small bagpipe with the look of a small medieval pipe or a Dudelsack. The sound reminds of the Uilleann pipes, sometimes of the smallpipes. Seldomly louder than 60 or 70 db.
Greece
- Tsampouna (also tsambouna, tsabouna, etc.) : Greek island bagpipe with a double chanter, no drone and a bag made from an entire goatskin.
Iberia (Spain and Portugal)
- Iberic gaitas: Gaita, gaita-de-fole or gaita de fol is a generic term for "bagpipe" in Spanish, Portuguese, Galego, and Asturian, for distinct bagpipes used in Galicia (Spain), Asturias (Spain), Cantabria (Spain), Catalonia (Spain) and Trás-os-Montes (Portugal). Just like "Northumbrian smallpipes" or "Great Highland bagpipes," each country and region attributes its toponym to the respective gaita name: gaita galega (Galicia, Spain), gaita transmontana (Trás-os-Montes, Portugal), gaita asturiana (Asturias, Spain), gaita sanabresa (Sanabria, Spain), sac de gemecs (Catalunya) etc. Most of them have a conical chanter with a partial second octave, obtained by overblowing. Folk groups playing these instruments have become popular in recent years, and pipe bands for some models.
- Sac de gemecs : used in Catalonia. In the Balearic Islands, Mallorca, Minorca, (but not Ibiza), this same bagpipe is called a "Xeremie" and is played in a duet with a Flabiol (one handed) whistle and drum.
- *Galician gaita is a traditional bagpipe used in Galicia and Minho.
Italy
- Zampogna : A generic name for an Italian bagpipe, with different scale arrangements for two chanters (for different regions of Italy), and from one to three drones (single drone versions can sound a fifth, in relation to the chanter keynote).Other drones are tuned higher or lower than the chanters, and the drones, like the chanters, can be single or double reeded. The double reeded version of the Zampogna is generally played with the Piffero [called "biffera" in the Ciociaria] (a shawm, or folk oboe), which plays the melody and the Zampogna provides chord changes, "vamping" or rhythmic harmony figures or a bass line and a soprano harmony as an accompanyment. This double reed tradition would include the Ciociaria (Latium, southern Abruzzo and Molise), that of southern Basilicata (Pollino) and nearby areas of Calabria, and some areas of Sicily (Siracusa, Palermo). Single reed versions are played solo in the Calabrian tradition of the "surdullina" (Cosenza), and a version with a plugged chanter called the "surdullina Albanese," and the Sicilian "ciaramedda" or "ciaramèddha" (Messina and Reggio Calabria). The chanters and drones vary, according to the tradition, from a few inches long (surdullina) to two meters in length, such as used in the cathedral of Monreale (Palermo) and nearly every size in between. The word "tzimpounas/tsimponas" still used for bagpipe in Pontic Greek and Turkish (Trebizond region of northeast Anatolia; its Romanian counterpart is "cimpoi", which also means symphony or "many sounds played together".
- Piva, used in northern Italy (Bergamo, Emilia). A single chantered, single drone instrument, with double reeds, often played in accompanyment to a shawm, or piffero.
- Launeddas of Sardinia. While not strictly a bagpipe in that it is played in the mouth by circular breathing, it is nonetheless a cousin and likely ancestor of the Italian zampogna, in that it has two chanters and a drone, all single reed. They vary, according to the tradition, from about a foot long to almost a meter in length.
Sweden
- Säckpipa : Also the Swedish word for 'bagpipe' in general, this instrument was on the brink of extinction in the first half of the 20th century. It has a cylindrical bore and a single reed, as well as a single drone at the same pitch as the bottom note of the chanter.
Switzerland
- [Schweizer Sackpfeife] (Swiss bagpipe): In Switzerland, the "Sackpfiffe" was a common instrument in the folkmusic from the middle-ages to the early 18th century – documented by iconography and in written sources (one or two drones and one chanter with double reeds).
Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Malta
Anatolia
- Dankiyo: An ancient word for bagpipe in Trebizond area in the text of Evliya Çelebi (17. century, Ottoman Era)"The Laz's of Trebizond invent bagpipe called dankiyo..." Etymology: < Ancient Greek To ankiyo, angion (άγγείον) "skin, bagpipe" Source: Öztürk, Özhan (2005). Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul. p. 300 ISBN 975-6121-00-9.
- Tulum : skin bag; Turkish bagpipe featuring two parallel chanters, (and no drone) usually played by the Laz and Hamsheni people.
North Africa
- Mizwad (Arabic مِزْود ; plural مَزاود mazāwid): Tunisian bagpipes; often referred to as mezoued, a French form of the Arabic word. Mizwad literally means "sack". The mizwad is also known as the zukrah ( زُكْرة ; pl. زُكر zukar), a word literally meaning "(wine)skin".
Malta
- Żaqq (with definite article: iż-żaqq): The most common form of Maltese bagipes, sometimes erroneously referred to as the zapp due to a spelling error in a 1939 English-language publication. There was also a smaller type of bagpipe known as the qrajna (a diminutive of qarn ["horn"]). The Maltese word żaqq literally means "sack" or "belly" and derives from Arabic ziqq ( زِقّ "skin" [as a receptacle]). It is sometimes stated that żaqq derives from Italian zampogna but this is not the case. Very similar to the bagpipes of North Africa, the Maltese żaqq consists of a chanter (saqqafa) with two side-by-side pipes (qwiemi) made of cane and set into a wooden yoke, using two single-reeds (bedbut). A single bull's horn bell (qarn) is typically attached to the end of the chanter. There are no drones. The bag was traditionally made of (preferably) dogskin, but goat- and calfskin were also used; there are ethnographic reports that skins of large [[wiktionary:tomcat|tomcats]] also served. The use of the żaqq in daily life came to an end in the 1970s, but there are ongoing attempts to revive it by various folk music ensembles such as [Etnika].
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