United Nations Security Council
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History
The Security Council held its first session on January 17 1946 at Church House, London.Since this first meeting the Council, which exists in continuous session, has travelled widely, holding meetings in Paris and Addis Ababa for instance. For the most part, however, it has remained located at UN Headquarters – first at Lake Success in New York and then at its current home of Turtle Bay on East Forty-Second Street in New York City.
Significant changes in the Council’s composition have occurred on three occasions. In 1965 amendments to articles 23 and 27 of the Charter came into effect, increasing the number of elected members from six to ten. In 1968 a similar amendment to article 109 also came into effect.
In 1971 the General Assembly voted to remove the representative of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and seat the delegate from the People's Republic of China instead. Notwithstanding the supposed legal inability of the Assembly to expel a member of the Council without the Council’s endorsement (subject to veto), or the lack of an amendment to article 23 specifying the identity of the permanent members, the United States acquiesced in this change in accordance with the Nixon-Kissinger policy of rapprochement with China. Owing to Washington's role as sole guarantor of Taiwan's security, Taipei was reluctantly induced to adhere by the Assembly's resolution and lost its prestigious permanent seat and membership in the UN. (see China and the United Nations)
Similarly, there was no amendment to article 23 following the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991. In much less contentious circumstances the Russian Federation acceded to the former Soviet seat.
Members
A Security Council member must always be present at UN headquarters in New York so that the Security Council can meet at any time. This requirement of the United Nations Charter was adopted to address a weakness of the League of Nations since that organization was often unable to respond quickly to crises.
The role of president of the Security Council involves setting the agenda, presiding at its meetings and overseeing any crisis. It alternates in alphabetical order of the members' names in English.
There are two categories of membership in the UN Security Council: Permanent Members and Elected Members.
Permanent members
The Council has five permanent members who were originally drawn from the victorious powers after World War II:
- The French Republic
- The Russian Federation
- The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- The United States of America
- The People's Republic of China
In 1971, the People's Republic of China was awarded China's seat in the United Nations by UN General Assembly Resolution 2758, and the Republic of China (which had lost mainland China and was limited to Taiwan since 1949) soon lost membership in all UN organs. In 1991, Russia acquired the seat originally held by the Soviet Union, including the Soviet Union's former representation in the Security Council.
The current five permanent members of the Security Council are the only nations recognised as possessing nuclear weapons under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, although it lacks universal validity, as some nuclear nations have not signed the treaty. This nuclear status is not the result of their Security Council membership, though it is sometimes used as a modern-day justification for their continued presence on the body. India, Pakistan, possibly North Korea and Israel (though Israel has never itself admitted to nuclear weapons possession) possess nuclear weapons outside of the anti-proliferation framework established by the Treaty. As of 2004, four of the five permanent members are also the world's top four weapons exporters when measured by arms value; China is 7th.
Each permanent member state has veto powers, which can be used to void any resolution. A single veto from a permanent member outweighs any majority. This is not technically a veto, rather just a "nay" vote; however any "nay" vote from a permanent member would block the passage of the resolution in question.
Current Permanent Representatives of permanent members on the U.N. Security Council, according to the United Nations website [link], are Wang Guangya, Jean-Marc de La Sablière, Emyr Jones Parry, John R. Bolton, and Vitaly I. Churkin.
Elected members
Ten other members are elected by the General Assembly for 2-year terms starting on January 1, with five replaced each year. The members are chosen by regional groups and confirmed by the United Nations General Assembly. The African bloc chooses three members; the Latin American, Asian, and Western European and Others blocs choose two members each; and the Eastern European bloc chooses one member. Also, one of these members is an Arab country, alternately from the Asian or African bloc. "[The United Nations Security Council]", The Green Papers. Retrieved 14 May 2006.The current (2006) elected members are:
- Argentina (L. America)
- Republic of the Congo (Africa)
- Denmark (W. Europe)
- Ghana (Africa)
- Greece (W. Europe)
- Japan (Asia)
- Peru (L. America)
- Qatar (Asia, Arab)
- Slovakia (E. Europe)
- Tanzania (Africa)
Membership reform
- Main article: Reform of the United Nations Security Council
UN Secretary General Kofi Annan asked a team of advisors to come up with recommendations for revamping the United Nations by the end of 2004. A proposed solution is to increase the number of permanent members by five, which, in most proposals, would include Japan, Germany, India, Brazil (known as the G4 nations), one seat from Africa (most likely between Nigeria and South Africa), and/or one seat from the Arab League. On September 21 2004, the G4 nations issued a joint statement mutually backing each other's claim to permanent status, together with an African country. France and the United Kingdom declared that they support this claim. Currently the proposal has to be accepted by two-thirds of the UN General Assembly which translates to 128 votes.
Japan
Japan is the second largest contributor to the UN's regular budget #redirect . Its payments surpass the sum of those of the United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia. Japan has been one of the largest ODA donor countries. Thus, Japan is considered the most likely candidate for one of the new permanent seats.Japan's eagerness to become a permanent member of the UN Security Council has met with strong opposition from many East Asian countries #redirect , especially China, North Korea, and South Korea. However, Mongolia has backed Japan's bid. There have been large scale protests in both mainland China and South Korea after the Japanese government approved secondary school textbooks that have been accused of whitewashing Japan's atrocities before and during World War II (see Japanese history textbook controversies).
Some Japanese speculate that these countries, especially China, are motivated by more current problems such as territorial disputes. In late April 2005, large-scale anti-Japan protests broke out in mainland China. The reasons for the protests are varied, including Japanese history books backed by the government, continual visits by Prime Minister Koizumi to the Yasukuni Shrine which houses 14 class-A war criminals, and territorial disputes of islands claimed by both China and Taiwan. While the protests were not officially sanctioned by the PRC, some analysts suggested that the PRC government allowed the protests to proceed in order to upset Japan's bid to be added to the Security Council. Others still argued that the Chinese government did not want the protestors' anger to be focused on them, as preventing these demonstrations would be construed as supporting Japan. However, the PRC government then forbade further protests when it became concerned that such protests might become more about domestic issues.
Some other Asian nations have expressed strong support for Japan's application, including Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Vietnam #redirect - all major recipients of loan and/or foreign investment from Japan. Other countries such as Australia, Brazil, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom also back Japan's bid #redirect .
Although the United States strongly supports Japan's bid for Security Council membership, it rejects the combined G4+One bid for membership as a whole, which Japan needs to keep its support. While Russia is interested in a local counterweight to China, it is also wary of Japan's strong ties to the United States. However, China has the power to veto any bid on the part of Japan to become a permanent member.
Germany
Germany is the third largest contributor to the U.N. regular budgets, and as such, claims for a Security Council seat next to Japan.France has explicitly called for a permanent seat in the UN for its close EU partner: "Germany's engagement, its ranking as a great power, its international influence—France would like to see them recognised with a permanent seat on the Security Council", French president Jacques Chirac said in a speech in Berlin in 2000 #redirect . The former German Chancellor, Gerhard Schröder also identified Russia, among other countries, as a country that backed Germany's bid #redirect . Italy and Netherlands on the contrary, suggest a common EU seat in the Council instead of Germany becoming the third European member next to France and the UK. The former German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer said that Germany would also accept a common European seat, but as long as there is little sign that France and the UK will give up their own seats, Germany, a much larger country, should also have a seat #redirect . There have been suggestions that the EU should "share" the existing two permanent seats that it already has, without gaining a third seat - suggestions have been voiced that the French should pool their vote with Germany in the Franco-German EU integrationist tradition and the UK would represent the EU tradition of less integrationist views. Thus, the German campaign for a permanent seat was intensified in 2004. Former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder made himself perfectly clear in August, 2004: "Germany has the right to a seat". "[German Hopes for UN Security Council Seat Dampened]", Deutsche Welle, 20 August 2004. Retrieved 14 May 2006. Its bid is supported by Japan, India, Brazil, France, the United Kingdom and Russia, among other countries #redirect . Current German Chancellor, Angela Merkel has given no comment yet on the subject.
India
India, a nuclear power, has the world's second largest population and is the world's largest democracy. It is also the world's fourth largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity and maintains the world's third largest armed force. India is one of the largest contributors of troops to UN-mandated peace-keeping missions. Its bid is unequivocally backed by permanent members France, Russia and the United Kingdom.Mr. Shashi Tharoor, the United Nation's Under-Secretary General for Communications and Public Information in his book "Nehru - The Invention of India," writes that Jawaharlal Nehru "declined a United States offer" to India to "take the permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council" around 1953. Nehru declined the offer about the same time as he turned down "with scorn" John Foster Dulles' support for an Indian Monroe Doctrine. Nehru suggested that the United Nations Security Council seat held by Taiwan be offered to Beijing instead.
Though initially opposed by the Chinese due to geo-political reasons (China being an ally of India's arch-rival Pakistan and the country also having fought a brief war with India in 1962), recent history has turned China's official support for India's candidature from negative to neutral to positive.[[Citing sources citation needed]] On April 11, 2005 China announced it would support India's bid for a permanent seat, but without a veto. The veto power, however, is the most defining characteristic of a permanent member and in the eyes of the G4 countries, to be denied the veto power is just a way for the 5 current permanent members to retain their superiority. Although the U.S. officially does not back India's bid - for various reasons, some of which remain decidedly unclear - it has privately been eager to work with India and to support the nation (which translates to not using a veto). Taking into account its huge population and growing economic and political clout, India is a strong contender to clinch a permanent seat. Another factor which bolsters India's candidature is the fact that it was one of the founding members of the Security Council and has participated in several of its activities, including UN operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cyprus, Cambodia, Yemen, Somalia, Rwanda and Namibia, among others.
To date Krishna Menon's (India's envoy to the UNSC) speech is the longest ever delivered in the United Nations Security Council. On 23 January 1957 he delivered an unprecedented 8 hour speech on defending India’s stand on Kashmir.
Brazil
Brazil's bid for a permanent seat on the Security Council is strengthened for a number of reasons:
- Brazil is the largest country in Latin America in terms of population, economy and land area.
- The United States sent strong indications to Brazil that it was willing to support their membership; albeit, without a veto. Brazil has received backing from other countries such as Russia for a permanent seat as well.
- Brazil has an important political leadership among developing nations, especially in commercial contests in the World Trade Organization.
The Islamic member
Since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire the predominantly Islamic Middle East has been an area of persistent international conflict, and the periodic flare-ups in the region have been the subject of many UN Security Council debates and resolutions. Therefore, the prospect of introducing a permanent Islamic member to the security council is highly sensitive, especially if such a member were to be granted the power of veto.Outside the Muslim world, commentators mainly from the United States #redirect , have raised concerns that a veto-wielding Islamic member could use it to restrict the UN's ability to act forcefully in the Middle East or on the boundaries of the Islamic world (e.g. Kashmir and Chechnya), rendering the UN impotent in those regions. The impression of the lack of democracy in Middle Eastern states that are predominantly Muslim is another reason cited by some Western commentators who argue against the idea of including these countries in the club of permanent, veto-wielding states.
At the same time, the draft G-4 reform proposals may leave over 1.2 billion Muslims worldwide (which is not limited only in the Middle East, and also include area such as Southeast Asia) without any permanent representation on the UN security council. This is a highly controversial issue within the Islamic world and would adversely impact the UN's credibility at places in the Middle East and in the Islamic world. In June 2005, the foreign ministers of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) called for a permanent Muslim seat on the UN Security Council #redirect .
Recent resistance to the reform draft proposals emanating from the G-4 states can be attributed in part to this highly sensitive issue. The US and several Western states have objected to any proposal that gives new members any veto powers #redirect , and within the African Union, Egypt has led resistance to a proposal by Nigeria to adopt a version of the G-4 proposals that removes the right of veto for new members #redirect , and may enable the creation of a reformed council that does not have any permanent members with a predominantly Muslim identity.
Africa
Currently, no country in Africa has a permanent seat on the Security Council and this is seen as a major reason behind the push to have an African nation be given one. There are indeed several popular reasons why Africa has a good chance of gaining a Security Council membership:- Africa is the second-largest and second most populous continent behind Asia (in which, China already has a seat and Japan and India are petitioning for ones).
- Africa has more United Nations members than any other continent.
- Africa, as a whole, is seen as militarily non-threatening.
- It currently has the support of most of South America and India (the South-South Alliance) and Japan of the G4 nations #redirect . There are also calls by the UK and France for more political representation from Africa #redirect .
Veto power
Decisions in the 15-member Security Council on all substantive matters—for example, a decision calling for direct measures related to the settlement of a dispute—require the affirmative votes of nine members. A negative vote—a veto—by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal, even if it has received the required number of affirmative votes. Abstention is not regarded as a veto. Since the Security Council's inception, China (ROC/PRC) has used 5 vetoes; France, 18; Russia/USSR, 122; the United Kingdom, 32; and the United States, 80. The majority of the USSR vetoes were in the first ten years of the Council's existence, and the numbers since 1984 have been: China, 2; France, 3; Russia/USSR, 4; the United Kingdom, 10; and the United States, 42.
Status of non-members
A state that is a member of the UN, but not of the Security Council, may participate in Security Council discussions in which the Council agrees that the country's interests are particularly affected. In recent years, the Council has interpreted this loosely, enabling many countries to take part in its discussions. Non-members routinely are invited to take part when they are parties to disputes being considered by the Council.Role of the Security Council
Under Chapter Six of the Charter, "Pacific Settlement of Disputes", the Security Council "may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute". The Council may "recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment" if it determines that the situation might endanger international peace and security. These recommendations are not binding on UN members.
Under Chapter Seven, the Council has broader power to decide what measures are to be taken in situations involving "threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression". In such situations, the Council is not limited to recommendations but may take action, including the use of armed force "to maintain or restore international peace and security". This was the basis for UN armed action in Korea in 1950 during the Korean War and the use of coalition forces in Iraq and Kuwait in 1991. Decisions taken under Chapter Seven, such as economic sanctions, are binding on UN members.
The UN's role in international collective security is defined by the UN Charter, which gives the Security Council the power to:
- Investigate any situation threatening international peace;
- Recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute;
- Call upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt economic relations as well as sea, air, postal, and radio communications, or to sever diplomatic relations; and
- Enforce its decisions militarily, if necessary.
The Council can indict nationals of countries that have not signed the International Criminal Court statute for trial before the court. Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe is an example of a possible case, whose indictment has been called for by Australia and New Zealand.
Resolutions
The legally binding nature of Security Council Resolutions has been the subject of some controversy. It is generally agreed that resolutions are legally binding if they are made under (Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression) of the Charter. The Council is also empowered to make resolutions under Chapter VI (Pacific Settlement of Disputes); most authorities do not consider these to be legally binding. The International Court of Justice suggested in the Namibia case that resolutions other than those made under Chapter VI can also be binding, a view that some Member States have questioned. It is beyond doubt however that those resolutions made outside these two Chapters dealing with the internal governance of the organisation (such as the admission of new Member States) are legally binding, where the Charter gives the Security Council power to make them.In popular culture
The Interpreter is a 2005 film featuring a fictional African head of state, apparently based on Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe, seeking to avoid being indicted by the UN Security Council for trial before the International Criminal Court (ICC) on charges of crimes against humanity. Australia, New Zealand, and international human rights organisations have backed the call for Mugabe's indictment. As Zimbabwe is a non-signatory of the ICC statute, an ICC trial requires either a UN Security Council indictment, or for Zimbabwe to accept the ICC’s jurisdiction.Criticisms of the Security Council
There have been criticisms that the 5 permanent members of the United Nations Security council (who are all nuclear powers) have created an exclusive nuclear club whose powers are unchecked.The lack of a true international representation in the United Nations Security Council as exists in the General Assembly has led to accusations that only the interests and political motives of the permament members are being addressed in this organization. Non-Nuclear countries can be elected to serve a temporary term on the security council but critics have suggested that this is inadequate. Hugo Chavez has recently criticized the United States for attempting to block Venezuela from serving on the United Nations Security council [link]. Critics have suggested that expanding the number of permanent members to include non-nuclear powers would lead to a international democratization of the organization.[].
Another criticism of the Security Council involves the veto power of the 5 permanent nations. As it stands, one veto from any of the "Big Five" (Russia, China, the United States, the United Kingdom and France) can halt any possible action the Council may take. One nation's objection, rather than a democratic majority, may cripple any possible UN armed or diplomatic response to a crisis.
See also
- List of UN Security Council Resolutions
- Reform of the United Nations
- United Nations
- United Nations Member States
- United Nations System
- UN General Assembly
- UN Economic and Social Council
- UN Trusteeship Council
- UN Secretariat
- International Court of Justice
References
External links
- [United Nations Security Council]
- [Veto patterns of the Security Council]
- [United Nations] - Official site
- [History of the United Nations] - UK Government site
- [Who will be the next Secretary General?]
| UN Security Council Members |
|
|---|---|
| Permanent Members | |
| China - France - Russia - United Kingdom - United States | |
| Term ending December 31, 2006 | |
| Argentina - Denmark - Greece - Japan - Tanzania | |
| Term ending December 31, 2007 | |
| Congo - Ghana - Peru - Qatar - Slovakia | |
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