Utian languages
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Utian (also Miwok-Costanoan, Mutsun) is a family of indigenous languages spoken in the central portion of the U.S. state of California.
All Utian languages are severely endangered.
Family division
The Utian family consists of 15 languages with two major branches, Miwokan and Costanoan. The classification below is based on Callaghan (2001).
I. Miwokan (a.k.a. Miwok, Miwuk, Moquelumnan)
- A. Eastern Miwok
- : 1. Plains Miwok
- : 2. Bay Miwok (a.k.a. Saclan) (†)
- : i. Sierra Miwok
- :: 3. Northern Sierra Miwok
- :: 4. Central Sierra Miwok
- :: 5. Southern Sierra Miwok
- B. Western Miwok
- : 6. Coast Miwok (†)
- :: a. Bodega Miwok
- :: b. Marin Miwok
- : 7. Lake Miwok
- A. Northern Coastanoan (†)
- : 8. Soledad (a.k.a. Chalon, Cholon) (†) (?)
- : 9. Santa Cruz (a.k.a. Awaswas) (†)
- : 10. Santa Clara (a.k.a. Tamyen, Tamien) (†)
- : 11. East Bay (a.k.a. Chocheño, Chochenyo)
- : 12. San Francisco (a.k.a. Ramaytush)
- B. Southern Costanoan (†)
- : 13. Mutsun (a.k.a. San Juan Bautista) (†)
- : 14. Rumsen (a.k.a. Rumsien) (†)
- C. Karkin
- : 15. Karkin (a.k.a. Carquin) (†)
The entire Ohlone (Costanoan) family is now extinct. Soledad may be a transitional language between Northern and Southern Costanoan. East Bay, Santa Clara, and Ramaytush were quite similar and were probably a single language with several dialects. All the documented speakers of Santa Cruz spoke dialects which were quite different, and so it may not have actually been a single language.
See also
External links
- [Ethnologue: Utian]
- [Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770] (map after Kroeber)
Bibliography
- Callaghan, Catherine. (2001). More evidence for Yok-Utian: A reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber sets (1). International Journal of American Linguistics, 67 (3), 313-346.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
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