Viceroy
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- For other uses, see Viceroy (disambiguation)}}}.
The etymological allusion to the royal style makes it be perceived as higher than governor-general, even when in some cases it is a synonym for that administrative rank, and not necessarily above several 'provincial' (lieutenant-)governors.
In some cases, the title (and the office, unless the title is not permanently attached to the job) is reserved for members of the ruling dynasty. It was not uncommon for potentials heirs to the throne to obtain such a post (or an equivalent one, without the viceregal style) as a test - and learning stage, not unlike the even loftier 'associations to the throne', such as the Roman consortium imperii- or the Caesars in Emperor Diocletian's original Tetrarchy.
Under the monarchs of Spain
The absolutist Kings of Spain employed numerous Viceroys to rule over various parts of their vast empire "where the sun never set", both European and overseas.In Europe, until the 18th century the Spanish crown appointed Viceroys of Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia, Sardinia, Sicily, Naples, and Portugal (1580–1640)
Meanwhile in the New World, there were colonial viceroys to govern New Spain and to govern South American territories known as Viceroyalties (Spanish term: virreinato). Until 1717, there were only two Spanish viceroyalties, the Viceroyalty of Peru and the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Viceroyalty of Peru, with its capital in Lima, ruled over all of Spain's territory in South America, while the Viceroyalty of New Spain, with its capital in Mexico City, ruled over Spain's territory in Mexico, Central and North America, the Caribbean, and the Philippines. (Venezuela, in South America, was at times attached to the Viceroyalty of New Spain.)
Due to the growing size of Spain's American colonies, new viceroyalties were created for New Granada in 1717 (capital, Bogotá) and the Río de la Plata in 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires). The viceroyalties of Spanish America were subdivided into smaller units, Audiencias and Captaincies General, which in many cases became the bases for the independent countries of modern Spanish America.
- Viceroyalty of New Spain in Mexico City, Mexico
- Viceroyalty of Peru in Lima, Peru
- Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
- Viceroyalty of New Granada
British Empire and Commonwealth
From 1858 to 1947 (the height of the Raj, after the crown took over the role of the British East India Company), the British colonial Governor-General of India was also known, though not officially, as the Viceroy of India, and indeed only the last was a member of the royal family.The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland was also sometimes referred to as a British Viceroy.
The title itself and the derived adjective "vice-regal" are used in some Commonwealth realms (generally as incorrect technically as formerly in British India) to refer to the function of the governor-general (and in Canada, provincial lieutenant-governors, and in Australia, state governors) as representatives of the Crown. This usage may reflect the direct relationship between a governor-general and the Crown and a Governor-general's exercise of all royal powers and functions under the Balfour Declaration 1926.
Other colonial viceroyalties
- New France, in present Canada, after a single Governor (24 July 1534 – 15 Jan 1541 Jacques Cartier) had Lieutenants-general and Viceroys 15 January 1541 – September 1543 Jean François de la Rocquet, sieur de Robervalle (b. c.1500 – d. 1560), after September 1543 – 3 January 1578 Abandonment again 3 January 1578 – February 1606 Troilus de Mesguoez, marquis de la Roche-Mesgouez (d. 1606) (viceroy and from 12 January 1598, lieutenant-general), February 1606 – 1614 Jean de Biencourt, sieur de Poutrincourt, baron de St. Just (b. 1557–d. 1615); next a series of Viceroys (resident in France) 8 October 1611 – 1672, later Governors and Governors-general
Other Domestic Viceroys, including personal unions
- Corsica had one, 1406 – c.1420: Vincentello d'Istria, Count and Viceroy (nominally for Aragon)
- Napoleon I Bonaparte created his adoptive stepson, Eugène de Beauharnais, Viceroi d'Italie in his kingdom of Italy (in personal union with is French Empire), and the same Prince later Prince of Venice, i.e. Heir apparent to that royal crown, while excluded from the French imperial throne which was reserved for his son by the empress, a born Habsburg archduchess)
- Viceroy of Norway, for the King of Denmark, an example where the title is reserved for Princes of the Blood
- List of Spanish Viceroys of Naples
- under the Romanov Emperors of Russia:
- *Poland, while in personal union under the Emperors of Russia as Kings (styled Tsar; 20 June 1815 – 5 November 1916), had only one Viceroy, 9 December 1815 – 1 December 1830: Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich Romanov (b. 1779 – d. 1831)
- *Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaidjan & Georgia; first under Governors in Tiblisi 1802 – 1844) had Viceroys of Transcaucasia:
- **1845 – 1853 Mikhail Semyonovich Prince Vorontsov (b. 1782 – d. 1856)
- **1853 – 1854 Nikolay Andreyevich Read (acting) (b. 1792 – d. 1855)
- **1854 – 1856 Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyev (b. 1794 – d. 1866)
- **1856 – 1862 Prince Aleksandr Ivanovich Baryatinsky (b. 1814 – d. 1879)
- **1862 – 1881 Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich Romanov (b. 1832 – d. 1909); next a series of Chief Heads of the Civil Administration of the Caucasus, including several imperial princes, 1882 – 1905, then again Viceroys:
- **1905 – 1915 Count Illaryon Ivanovich, Vorontsov-Dashkov (b. 1837 – d. 1916)
- **1915 – February 1917 Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich Romanov (b. 1837 – d. 1929)
Exotic counterparts
As many princely and administrative titles, viceroy is often used, generally unofficially, to render somewhat equivalent titles and offices in non-western cultures.Ottoman empire
- The khedive of Egypt, especially with the dynasty initiated by Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805-1848). This officer established an almost autonomous regime in Egypt, which officially still was under Ottoman rule. Although Mehemet Ali/Muhammad Ali used different symbols to mark his independence from the Sublime Porte he never openly declared himself independent. Adopting the title of viceroy was yet another way to walk the thin line between challenging the Sultan's power explicitly and respecting his jurisdiction. Muhammad Ali Pasha's son, Ismail Pasha, subsequently received the title of Khedive which was almost an equivalent to viceroy.
In imperial China, viceroy was the English translation of the title "general supervisor-protector" (督護 or 總督), otherwise translated as the Governor General, who were heading large administrative divisions, directly under the imperial court. These divisions are usually two or three provinces. The regions included Zhili, Huguang, Liangjiang, Liangguang, Shangan, Minzhe, Yungui, and Sichuan. Li Hongzhang was viceroy of Huguang from 1867 to 1870, and Yuan Shikai was once Viceroy of Chihli.China
Sri Lankan and Southeast Asian tradition
- Uparaja, variations and compounds such as Maha Uparaja
Informal use
US Ambassador Paul Bremer, the American civilian in-charge of the Iraqi reconstruction prior to return of sovereignty has, on occasion, been referred to in the media as the "American Viceroy" to Iraq. The use of the term in this context is often pejorative and linked to Iraq War criticism. No U.S. official could ever truly be considered a Viceroy because the American constitution (in an original republic's tradition) forbids bestowing titles of nobility upon American government officials.Sources and references
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