Vietic languages
Encyclopedia : V : VI : VIE : Vietic languages
The Vietic languages are a branch of the Austroasiatic language family. Some instead use the term Viêt-Mương languages, but this is commonly understood to refer to a subbranch of Vietic restricted to Vietnamese and Mương.
Vietnamese was identified as an Austroasiatic language in the mid nineteenth century, and there is now solid evidence for this classification. However, for over a thousand years Vietnam was part of the Chinese Empire, and the cultural affinities of the Vietnamese people is therefore with southern China, not neighboring Cambodia. Vietnamese has also large stocks of borrowed Chinese and Tai vocabulary, and is today a monosyllabic tonal language like a Tai or southern Chinese dialect rather than a prototypical Austroasiatic language. For these reasons there continues to be resistance to the idea that Vietnamese could be more closely related to Cambodian than to Chinese or Tai. However, these typological similarities are superficial, the result of language contact, and can be traced back to a much more typical Austroasiatic pattern. Many of the Vietic languages have tonal or phonational systems intermediate between that of Viet-Muong and other branches of Austroasiatic, for example.
Classification
- Arem: This language lacks the breathy phonation common to most Vietic languages, but does have glottalized final consonants.
- Cuôi (Thô)
- Aheu (Thavung): This language makes a four-way distinction between clear and breathy phonation combined with glottalized final consonants. This is very similar to the situation in the Pearic languages in which, however, the glottalization is in the vowel.
- Ruc, Sach, May, and Chưt: A dialect cluster; the register system is the four-way contrast of Aheu augmented with pitch.
- Maleng (Bo, Pakatan): Tones as in Ruc-Sach.
- Pong, Hung, Tum, Khong-Kheng
- Viêt-Mương: Vietnamese and Mương. These two dialect chains share 75% of their vocabulary, have many Tai and Chinese loans, and have similar systems of 5-6 contour tones. These are regular reflexes of other Vietic languages: The three low and three high tones correspond to voiced and voiceless initial consonants in the ancestral language; these then split depending on the original final consonants: Level tones correspond to open syllables or final nasal consonants; high rising and low falling tones correspond to final stops, which have since disappeared; dipping tones to final fricatives, which have also disappeared; and glottalized tones to final glottalized consonants, which have deglottalized.
See also
Mon-Khmer languagesReferences
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.