Viktor Korchnoi
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Viktor Lvovich Korchnoi (also Korchnoy, Kortchnoy, Kortschnoj, etc) (Ви́ктор Льво́вич Корчно́й), born March 23 1931 in Leningrad, USSR, is currently the oldest active grandmaster on the world tournament circuit.
Korchnoi is a four times USSR chess champion (1960, 1962-63, 1964-65, 1970), two times winner of the interzonal tournaments for world championship, winner of two Candidates Tournaments (1977, 1980) and five time European champion. Victor Korchnoi played three matches with Anatoly Karpov for the World Chess Championship (two official matches in 1978 and 1981, and the 1974 Candidates' Final which later won Karpov the title by forfeit against Bobby Fischer). He also became a six time Chess Olympiad winner as a member of the Soviet team.
Early career
Korchnoi graduated from Leningrad State University with major in History.He learned to play chess from his father at the age of seven. In 1943, he joined the chess club of the Leningrad Pioneer Palace, and was trained by Abram Model, Andrei Batuyev and Vladimir Zak. In 1947, he won the youth championship of the USSR, and in 1951 he earned the Master title. One year later he, for the first time, qualified for the USSR Chess Championship, which he won four times throughout his career (1960, 1962, 1964, 1970). He was awarded the title of International Master by FIDE in 1954, and the title of Grandmaster in 1956.
Rising into prominence within the Russian chess school system he was competing with the stars such as Mikhail Tal, Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky, following in the path laid out by Mikhail Botvinnik. As a result, Korchnoi never reached the same heights as his compatriots, but many people consider him the strongest player to never have become world champion, an honour equally often attributed to Paul Keres. When Spassky beat Petrosian to claim the World Title in 1969, the Russian chess federation started pursuing a youth policy which largely classed Korchnoi and Smyslov as the old vanguard and as a consequence they were overlooked when it came to distributing of opportunities to play in international chess tournaments.
A Russian Grandmaster
Korchnoi's playing style initially was an aggressive counter-attack. He excelled in difficult defensive positions. During the sixties he became more of an all-rounder, mastering all the required techniques like Bobby Fischer and Petrosian. Korchnoi's mood largely dictated his plan for the game. He was comfortable playing with and without the initiative. He could attack, counterattack, play positionally, and was a master of the endgame. He became known as the master of counter-attack, and strangely enough he was Mikhail Tal's (an out-and-out attacker) most difficult opponent. He has a lifetime plus record against Tal, as well as against world champions Petrosian and Spassky. He has tied records against Botvinnik and Bobby Fischer, and has beaten at one point or another, every post-war world champion except Vladimir Kramnik.It was even rumored that his Candidates match with Petrosian resorted to kicking each other under the table. However, Korchnoi denies this. According to him, Petrosian just kicked his legs nervously and shook the table. Whatever the reason, at some point Petrosian refused to play with Korchnoi anymore and left the match, so Korchnoi was declared a winner.
Korchnoi reached the Candidates Final, the match to determine the next challenger to Bobby Fischer scheduled for 1975. His opponent was a friend (they had played a training match together some months before), and the newest star of the Russian chess-school, Anatoly Karpov. Karpov won this phenomenal contest, played in 1974 in Moscow, and by default became the next World Champion when Fischer refused to defend his title.
It was during this match that an often repeated story occurred (which Korchnoi himself confirmed): Korchnoi got up from the board during the twenty-first game, walked over to the arbiter and, showing a surprising ignorance of the rules, asked whether he could legally castle in the current position (which was crushing thanks to a devastating opening novelty). He wanted to castle kingside, but a bishop was attacking his rook, and apparently, he did not know if he could castle if the rook was under attack. The arbiter, Salo Flohr, informed him that he could, and Korchnoi soon won.
Defection
In the lead-up to the Candidates Final in 1975, as part of a campaign to promote Karpov over Korchnoi, Tigran Petrosian made a public statement in the press against Korchnoi. At the closing ceremony of the Candidates Final, Korchnoi had made his mind up that he had to leave the Soviet Union. The central authorities prevented Korchnoi from playing any international tournaments, and even when invited by Paul Keres and Nei to participate in an International Tournament in Estonia, Korchnoi was not allowed to play, and both Keres and Nei were reprimanded.Korchnoi, in a 2006 lecture in London, mentions that the breakthrough that allowed him to resume international appearances came when Anatoly Karpov inherited the World Championship title (resigned by Bobby Fischer). Questions arose about how Karpov qualified to be a World Champion, who Karpov had beaten. Since Korchnoi wasn't publicly visible, it was largely believed that he (and Karpov) couldn't be very strong. Korchnoi was then allowed to play the 1976 Amsterdam tournament, as a means to prove Karpov was a worthy World Champion.
Korchnoi was joint winner of the tournament along with Tony Miles. At the end of the tournament, Korchnoi asked Miles to spell 'political asylum' for him. As a result, after the chess tournament in Amsterdam Korchnoi was the first Russian grandmaster to defect from the Soviet Union. His defection resulted in a turbulent period of excellent tournament results, losses in the two matches for the World Title - all overshadowed by the cold war politics.
Korchnoi resided in the Netherlands for a few years, giving simultaneous exhibitions. He played a short match against Jan Timman - the strongest active non-Soviet player at that time - and comprehensively beat him. This demonstrated the continued superiority of the Russian approach to chess.
There was a vacuum in World Chess after the non-appearance of Fischer. Karpov was branded a paper-champion, having never won a match for the world title. But there wasn't a recognised contender to his dominance. Up stepped Korchnoi, after winning his way through another physically and psychologically demanding Candidates cycle.
First World Championship match against Karpov
The World Championship match of 1978 was held in Baguio in the Philippines, and rightly deserves its reputation as the most bizarre World Championship match ever played. Karpov's team included a Dr Zukhar (a well known hypnotist), while Korchnoi adopted a local renegade currently on bail for murder. There was more controversy off the board, with histrionics ranging from X-Raying of chairs, protests about the flags used on the board, the inevitable hypnotism complaints and the mirror glasses used by Korchnoi. When Karpov's team sent him a blueberry yogurt during a game without any request for one by Karpov, the Korchnoi team protested, claiming it could be some kind of code. They later said this was intended as a parody of earlier protests, but it was taken seriously at the time.In quality of play the match itself never measured up to the press headlines that it generated, although as a sporting contest it had its good share of climaxes. Karpov took an apparently unassailable early lead, and looked to be on the brink of an easy victory. Korchnoi bravely fought back, winning three out of four consecutive games, to equalise the match at five wins apiece, but Karpov won the very next game, and won the match by 6 wins to 5 with 21 draws.
Second World Championship match against Karpov
Korchnoi won the next Candidates cycle to again earn the right to challenge Karpov in 1981. The match was held in Meran-Merano, Italy. The headline of the tournament again largely centered on the political issues. Korchnoi's wife and son were still in the Soviet Union. His son was promised to be released to join his father in exile if he gave up his passport. When he did so he was promptly drafted into the Russian army.Korchnoi took the opportunity of the match to publicize the situation of his wife and son, drafting an open letter to the Soviet government to release them both. This continuing effort likely led to his dismal performance as Karpov swept to victory in what was dubbed the "Massacre in Merano".
In spite of the protests, Korchnoi's son was arrested for evading army service, sentenced to two and half years in labour camp and served the full sentence. After the release, he was again refused permission to leave the USSR. Six years after Korchnoi's defection, his son succeeded in leaving the USSR.
Later career
Korchnoi, however, still had a vital part to play in the next Candidates cycle, although he never reached the highest pinnacle again. During the next cycle Korchnoi had moved to the United States, and was matched to play the young Russian protege Garry Kasparov who at the time was battling against the Russian chess federation that was clearly in favour of Anatoly Karpov. Korchnoi seems to have great fondness for Garry Kasparov - possibly, because he recognized the situation Kasparov was in - a prominent talent overlooked by the Russian bureaucracy.The match was to be held in Pasadena, California, where Bobby Fischer was residing at the time, but the Russian chess federation protested (possibly because Korchnoi was a defector and the match was in the cold-war enemy's back yard), and Kasparov was not allowed to fly there to play the match. This defaulted the match to Korchnoi.
However, after a remarkable series of events Korchnoi agreed to replay the match in London. This was a gracious gesture by Korchnoi, since technically he had already won by default. After a good start, Korchnoi was blown away by Kasparov's attacking play.
During the eighties Korchnoi continued playing at a top level, although overshadowed by the Karpov - Kasparov conflicts. He continues playing in Europe to this day, living in his adopted country of Switzerland, which he represents on the top board of the World Chess Olympiad.
Korchnoi is noted for his unusual longevity at the chessboard. He has been at or near the top of the game for nearly half a century, and even in his 70's remains among the very best players in the world.
Books
- Victor Korchnoi: Chess is My Life. ISBN 3283004064
- Victor Korchnoi: My Best Games 1: Games with White. ISBN 3283004048
- Victor Korchnoi: My Best Games 2: Games with Black. ISBN 3283004056
External links
- FIDE rating card for [Viktor Korchnoi]
- [World Chess Championship FIDE Events 1948-1990] - contains detailed information on two matches Karpov - Korchnoi.
- [Korchnoi's Career Highlights]
- [20 Crucial Positions from His Games]
- [View 3995 Viktor Korchnoi Games]
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