Violence against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and the transgendered
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In Albrecht Dürer's 1494 drawing, the banner hung in the tree reads: Orfeus der erst puseran ("Orpheus, the first sodomite"). The word puseran(t) derives from the Latin bulgarus from which come also the terms bugger in English and bougre in French. Though the drawing could be taken as a Northern European reaction to sodomy, it is actually based on an original, now lost, by the Florentine Andrea Mantegna. The depiction of the fleeing putto is an allusion to the accusation that sodomites pursue little children.
Violence against lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgendered (LGBT), sometimes called hate crimes can occur either at the hands of individuals or groups, or as part of governmental enforcement of laws targeting people who are seen to violate heteronormative rules. People who are merely perceived to be LGBT (but who are actually not) may also be targeted.
Anti-LGBT violence can include threats, physical assault, battery, sexual assault, rape, torture, attempted murder, or murder. These actions may be caused by cultural, religious, or political mores and biases, though the extent to which these groups influence violence against LGBT individuals is an ongoing matter of debate.
Statistics
In the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were based on perceived sexual orientation. 61% of these attacks were against gay men, 14% against lesbians, 2% against heterosexuals and 1% against bisexuals, while attacks against GLB people at large made up 20%. [link] Violence based on perceived gender identity was not recorded in the report.State-sponsored violence
Sexual relations between individuals of the same sex have frequently been repressed by the state under pain of mutilation and death. Such events (represented as buggery or sodomy) took place in Europe from the fifth to the twentieth centuries, and in Muslim countries from the beginning of the Muslim era up to and including the present day. Among the states that have historically punished homosexuality with death are:
- The Roman Empire starting under Constantine around 400.
- * Illustrative victim: Abbasid Baghdad under the Caliph Al-Hadi (785-786)
- The City of Florence during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
- * Illustrative victims: Giovanni di Giovanni (1350 – 1365?), Florentine boy, castrated and "burned between the thighs with a red-hot iron" by court order;
- The Swiss canton of Zurich in the Renaissance
- * Illustrative victims: Knight von Hohenberg d. 1482, Swiss knight, burned at the stake together with his lover, his young squire;
- The kingdom of France during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
- * Illustrative victims: Jacques Chausson (1618 – 1661), French minor writer, burned alive for attempting to seduce the son of a nobleman;
- England from the Middle Ages until 1861;
- * Illustrative victims: William Hamilton Maxwell, 1829; King Edward II
- Nazi Germany; see History of gays during the Holocaust
- Afghanistan under the rule of the Taliban (1996-2001)
Present-day countries where homosexuality is still punishable by death:
See Homosexuality laws of the worldIndividual violence
Individuals, singly or in groups, have at times taken it upon themselves (usually flouting the law) to repress those alleged to manifest variant sexual behavior. In some legal jurisdictions in the United States, these acts may be legally classified as hate crimes, which increases the resulting penalty if convicted.-->Some notable incidents of hate-related assaults include:
- Tennessee Williams was the victim of an assault in January 1979 in Key West, being beaten by five teenage boys, but he was not seriously injured. The episode was part of a spate of anti-gay violence inspired by an anti-gay newspaper ad run by a local Baptist minister.
- The fatal stabbing of James Zappalorti, a gay Vietnam veteran (1945 – 1990)
- The rape and later murder of Brandon Teena, a transsexual man (1972 – 1993)
- The beating death of Matthew Shepard, a gay student (1976 – 1998)
- The murder of Pfc Barry Winchell 1999. He was engaged to Calpernia Addams, a transgendered author.
- The bombing of the Admiral Duncan pub by David Copeland in 1999
- The fatal beating of gay teenager Jeff Whittington in Wellington, New Zealand on May 8, 1999.
- One notorious incident of gay-bashing occurred on September 22, 2000. Ronald Gay entered a gay bar in Roanoke, Virginia and opened fire on the patrons, killing Danny Overstreet and injuring six others. Ronald said he was angry over what his name now meant, and deeply upset that three of his sons had changed their surname. He claimed that he had been told by God to find and kill lesbians and gay men, describing himself as a "Christian Soldier working for my Lord". [link]
- The non-fatal stabbing of Bertrand Delanoë, a gay politician, Mayor of Paris, France, in 2002
- The killing of Gwen Araujo, a transsexual woman (1985 – 2002)
- The killing of Paul Broussard, a Houston-area banker (1968-1991)
- The beating death of Charlie Howard in 1984.
- Aaron Webster, a gay man in Vancouver, British Columbia, was beaten to death in Stanley Park in 2001.
- On February 2, 2006, 18 year-old Jacob D. Robida allegedly entered a bar in New Bedford, Massachusetts, confirmed that it was a gay bar, and then attacked patrons with a gun and a hatchet, wounding at least three. [link]
- Actor and comedian Norm MacDonald (of Saturday Night Live) was attacked by two men in New York City. They thought he was a gay man because he was well-dressed, with styled hair, and lanky; he was walking through Greenwich Village, a center of the city's gay community. He suffered a concussion.
See also
| LGBT movements |
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| Around the world · |
| · · |
| Opposition · |
| Violence |
External links
- [Remembering our Dead], a site which memorializes transgender victims of violence.
- Barry Yeoman, [Murder on the Mountain, Out Magazine]
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