Voice instrumental music
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Voice instrumental music is a broad category describing music for the human voice without words, sometimes characterized as musical onomatopoeia. The practice of vocal instrumental music in some form may be as old as human civilization.
World Traditions
- Elaborate traditions of untexted vocal improvisations was and still is an important element in Turkish and Middle Eastern music traditions. Such music existed prior to the 1200s and the First Crusade into Palestine and the city of Jerusalem, possibly even before the year 900.
- The modern descendants of the ancient Kung tribes and clans of Southern Africa utilize similar traditional music techniques.
- A form of Voice improvisation known as Thillana is a very important feature of Carnatic music from South India.
- Tuvan throat singing often features wordless and improvised song. The sygyt technique is a particularly good example of this.
- The Sámi yoik is also a predominantly wordless form of vocal expression.
- The musical tradition of mouth music (Puirt a Beul) was used in various forms of traditional music in the Anglo-Saxon and Gaelic communities.
- Hasidic Jews use a form of voice improvisation called nigunim. This consists of wordless tunes vocalized with sounds such as "Bim-bim-bam" or "Ai-yai-yai!", often accompanied by rhythmic clapping and drumming on the table.
European classical - Voice instrumental music
In classical music, especially contemporary works, the role of voice instrumental music for solo vocalist, multiple voices or chorus (sometimes as part of an orchestral score) has become very prominent.
The tradition of voice instrumental music is a very old and strong one in European classical music. It has its roots in the Jewish Nigun and was further elaborated in Gregorian chant. The vocal instrumental concerto during the baroque period used the voice as an elaborate instrument. Mozart operas sometimes included arias begun in gibberish. This led to the serious use of voice instrumental music in classical compositions.
Solfege, a vocalized musical scale, assigns various syllables such as Do-Re-Mi to each note. A variety of similar tools are found in traditional Indian music, and scat singing of jazz.
Voice instrumental in 20th century Classical music
The Second Viennese School, especially Alban Berg and Arnold Schoenberg made the elaborate use of voice as instrument in what they called as Sprechmusik and Sprechstimme. Schoenberg employed these in his music Pierrot Lunaire, while Berg employed it in Wozzeck. Their music was also called as Sprechgesang. Voice orchestra was also used in the Kyrie by the Swiss composer Frank Martin.
In avant-garde music, voice instrumental music became an integral aspect of aleatory music by composers like Luciano Berio and Steve Reich. The Russian saxophonist Vladimir Chekasin performed a piece called Concerto for Voice and Orchestra, which used the voice of Datevik Hovhannessian as a soloist instrument instead of the violin or the piano. Other concerto for voices were written by John Foulds : Lyra Celtica: Concerto for voice and orchestra op. 50 (1920s) and Reinhold M. Glière : concerto for voice and orchestra (1943).
The Polish composer Henryk Górecki composed a prominent part for voice as an instrument in his third symphony Symphony of sorrowful songs, evoking the Holocaust.
At present elaborate voice instrumental improvisations have become an important part of European free improvisation. This is a type of European classical music that combines the flow of improvisations and the rigour of atonal music.
Voice Transmutation in experimental Classical music
The French composer Pierre Boulez makes use of voice transmutation which he calls as centre and absence. In this the voice is used as an initial compositional model but which would not appear in the final form. Voice transmutation are also done by composers like Jonathan Harvey in compositions like Mortuos plango, vivos voco which interpolates the voice into instrument with the aid of computer techniques.
Maja Ratkje is a Norwegian vocalist and composer using various extended techniques.
Voice instrumentals in Jazz and Popular Music
The most common types of voice improvisation in the Western world are found in jazz which knows it as scat singing and vocalese. Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald were both famous for their scat singing, and many other major figures in jazz, from Betty Carter to Mel Torme, also use the form. In pop music, doo-wop and other forms of rhythm and blues music employ it; in the Gaelic tradition, there are many terms for it, one of which is diddling. The nonsense choruses of old English ballads, "Hey nonny nonny" and the like are another well known example. Some contemporary jazz musicians have used what they call voicestra, using the voice as an orchestral ensemble. Barbershop music style is also used in many a popular songs. Jazz composers like Rhiannon have concentrated on exploring the beauty of voice instrumental improvisations in jazz music.
Hip hop music has a very distinct form of vocal percussion known as beatboxing. It involves creating beats, rhythms, vocal scratching and melodies using the human voice as an instrument.
The neo-minimalist Film composer James Horner wrote music with voice instrumental passages by Charlotte Church for the motion picture A beautiful mind. A vocal orchestra music is used in the motion picture Paradise Road. It presented a 50 member female singing ensemble, set on the Japanese front of World War II.
Another contemporary example is the almost entirely a cappella album, Medúlla, by Icelandic singer/songwriter Björk. It features beatboxing, choral arrangements and throat singing. "Our Prayer" by Brian Wilson and The Beach Boys is a wordless, acapella workout, featuring multiple vocal lines that intertwine and modulate into various chord shapes. Japanese singer/songwriter, Cornelius, uses the same technique on the title-track of Fantasma.
Singer Bobby McFerrin has recorded a number of albums using only his voice and body, with some tracks as voice instrumentals and others, like his infamous big hit "Don't Worry, Be Happy", consisting of a standard lyric melody backed by "instrumental" tracks also consisting of various McFerrin vocalizations. (On the same album, he performs a version of "Sunshine of Your Love" in which he replicates Eric Clapton's original guitar solo using only his voice.) McFerrin has also collaborated with classical and jazz musicians.
Voice instrumental music is featured in Pink Floyd's music; "The Great Gig in the Sky", from the album the The Dark Side of the Moon. The progressive rock piece "Echoes" by Pink Floyd, also uses the voice as part of the instrumental music even though there are sparse lyrics assigned to the voice parts. Others include Yes and Queen, notably the latter's "Seaside Rendezvous" on the album A Night at the Opera.
Icelandic post-rock group Sigur Rós' untitled 2003 album features nonsensical lyrics for the entirety of the album. Singer Jón Þór Birgisson refers to this as a fictional language he calls Hopelandic.
Another important musical group which became popular notably in the sixties was the Swingle Singers from America. They still exist, and attempt to imitate musical instruments by means of the voice.
Also,the Honda Civic Choir used singers to try, and successfully copy the sounds made by a car. This was used as an advert to sell the vehicle. It appeared on television, and even in cinemas. It can be seen as an unusual example of Voice Instrumental "Music".
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