Voiced alveolar plosive
Encyclopedia : V : VO : VOI : Voiced alveolar plosive
| IPA – number | 104 |
| IPA – text | |
| IPA – image | 
|
| Entity | d |
| X-SAMPA | d |
| Kirshenbaum | d |
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar plosive:
- Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
Varieties of [d]
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| d | modal d |
| dʱ or d̤ | breathy voice or murmured d |
| dʲ | palatalized d |
| dʷ | labialized d |
| dˁ | pharyngialized d |
| d˺ | unreleased d |
| d̥ | voiceless or slack voice d |
| d̬ | stiff voice d |
| d̺ | apical d |
| d̻ | laminal d |
| d̪ | dental or denti-alveolar d |
| d̟ or d̪͆ | interdental d |
| d̠ | postalveolar d |
In
The voiced alveolar plosive occurs in English, and it is the sound represented by the letter 'd' in dog and bombed. However, in modern English, the letter 'd' does not always denote [d]: in the past participle of verbs ending in a voiceless consonant (e.g., washed), 'd' is realized as an unvoiced [t] (sometimes written [d̥]). Also, in some dialects the sequence /dr/, such as in the word drop, is realized as something close to an affricate, [dɹ̝], which sounds quite similar to [dʒɹ]. Indeed, some linguists transcribe it as [dzɹ], [dʒɹ], or [dʑɹ] [#endnote_Canepari].
In other languages
Some languages also distinguish between two or more varieties of [d]. In many languages, like English, the letter d is used to represent the [d] sound in spellings of words.
In Brazilian Portuguese, the letter d before the sound [ i] (spelled as i or non-tonic e) can be pronounced [ dʒ] , as an allophone of [d]. A similar change occurs with [ t] .
See also
References
- ↑ Canepari, Luciano, 2005. "[English.]" A Handbook of Pronunciation. Page 61.
- I. Maddieson, 1984. "Patterns of sound". Camebridge University Press
In Brazilian Portuguese, the letter d before the sound
See also
References
- ↑ Canepari, Luciano, 2005. "[English.]" A Handbook of Pronunciation. Page 61.
- I. Maddieson, 1984. "Patterns of sound". Camebridge University Press
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