Voiced dental fricative
Encyclopedia : V : VO : VOI : Voiced dental fricative
| IPA – number | 131 |
| IPA – text | |
| IPA – image | 
|
| Entity | ð |
| X-SAMPA | D |
| Kirshenbaum | D |
Features
Features of the voiced dental fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is dental which means it is articulated with the tongue on either the lower or the upper teeth, or both.
- Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
In
The voiced dental fricative occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the 'th' digraph in this and the. It is different from the sound represented by 'th' in thing and bath, which is the voiceless dental fricative.
In Old English, the letters þ and ð were used interchangeably for this sound and the voiceless dental fricative, but they have been dropped from modern usage in favour of the 'th' digraph. Although the same digraph is used for the voiced and voiceless forms, these sounds are not interchangeable in spoken English.
In transliterations of terms from foreign languages into English, ð gets respelled as dh, disambiguating it from θ (which gets rendered as th).
See also: Pronunciation of English th.
Other languages
Many commonly spoken languages, such as German, French, Japanese, and Chinese, lack this sound. Native speakers of those languages sometimes have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and replace it with a voiced alveolar fricative or a voiced dental plosive.
Confusingly, the dental fricative symbol [ð] is often used when transcribing the "weak" allophone of Spanish /d/, which occurs between vowels. However, this is actually a dental approximant (with slight frication) rather than a fricative, and would be more accurately transcribed with the lowering diacritic, [ð̞].
Icelandic has a letter ð (eth), but it is not quite this sound. Rather it is a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative.
Welsh uses the digraph 'dd' for this sound.
Modern Greek uses the letter δ (delta) for this sound.
Albanian uses the digraph 'dh' for this sound.
Arabic uses the letter ذ (dhaal) for this sound.
Northern Sami retains the letter đ for this sound.
In most vocalizations of modern Hebrew this consonant is not used, but Ancient Hebrew used the letter ד (dhaleth without dagesh. With dagesh it becomes דּ, daleth) for this sound. In several vocalizations this distinction has been retained (e.g., Teimani), and it is frequently heard inter-vocalically by Modern Hebrew speakers whose native language is Spanish.
According to contemporary fennists voiced dental fricative was used in old Finnish as weak pair of consonant gradation of singular voiceless plosive t. In old literature it was marked with <dh>.
Greek
The letter delta (Δ, δ) stands for the voiced dental fricative in Modern Greek, though as a technical symbol it is pronounced as a D (a voiced alveolar plosive) by non-Greeks.
See also
Icelandic has a letter ð (eth), but it is not quite this sound. Rather it is a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative.
Welsh uses the digraph 'dd' for this sound.
Modern Greek uses the letter δ (delta) for this sound.
Albanian uses the digraph 'dh' for this sound.
Arabic uses the letter ذ (dhaal) for this sound.
Northern Sami retains the letter đ for this sound.
In most vocalizations of modern Hebrew this consonant is not used, but Ancient Hebrew used the letter ד (dhaleth without dagesh. With dagesh it becomes דּ, daleth) for this sound. In several vocalizations this distinction has been retained (e.g., Teimani), and it is frequently heard inter-vocalically by Modern Hebrew speakers whose native language is Spanish.
According to contemporary fennists voiced dental fricative was used in old Finnish as weak pair of consonant gradation of singular voiceless plosive t. In old literature it was marked with <dh>.
Greek
The letter delta (Δ, δ) stands for the voiced dental fricative in Modern Greek, though as a technical symbol it is pronounced as a D (a voiced alveolar plosive) by non-Greeks.
See also
Modern Greek uses the letter δ (delta) for this sound.
Albanian uses the digraph 'dh' for this sound.
Arabic uses the letter ذ (dhaal) for this sound.
Northern Sami retains the letter đ for this sound.
In most vocalizations of modern Hebrew this consonant is not used, but Ancient Hebrew used the letter ד (dhaleth without dagesh. With dagesh it becomes דּ, daleth) for this sound. In several vocalizations this distinction has been retained (e.g., Teimani), and it is frequently heard inter-vocalically by Modern Hebrew speakers whose native language is Spanish.
According to contemporary fennists voiced dental fricative was used in old Finnish as weak pair of consonant gradation of singular voiceless plosive t. In old literature it was marked with <dh>.
Greek
The letter delta (Δ, δ) stands for the voiced dental fricative in Modern Greek, though as a technical symbol it is pronounced as a D (a voiced alveolar plosive) by non-Greeks.
See also
Northern Sami retains the letter đ for this sound.
In most vocalizations of modern Hebrew this consonant is not used, but Ancient Hebrew used the letter ד (dhaleth without dagesh. With dagesh it becomes דּ, daleth) for this sound. In several vocalizations this distinction has been retained (e.g., Teimani), and it is frequently heard inter-vocalically by Modern Hebrew speakers whose native language is Spanish.
According to contemporary fennists voiced dental fricative was used in old Finnish as weak pair of consonant gradation of singular voiceless plosive t. In old literature it was marked with <dh>.
Greek
The letter delta (Δ, δ) stands for the voiced dental fricative in Modern Greek, though as a technical symbol it is pronounced as a D (a voiced alveolar plosive) by non-Greeks.
See also
According to contemporary fennists voiced dental fricative was used in old Finnish as weak pair of consonant gradation of singular voiceless plosive t. In old literature it was marked with <dh>.
Greek
The letter delta (Δ, δ) stands for the voiced dental fricative in Modern Greek, though as a technical symbol it is pronounced as a D (a voiced alveolar plosive) by non-Greeks.
See also
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