Vortex tube
Encyclopedia : V : VO : VOR : Vortex tube
- (In vorticity dynamics, a 'vortex-tube' is also a surface in the fluid formed by all the vortex-lines passing through a given reducible closed curve drawn in the fluid - see George Batchelor's book, section 2.6)
The vortex tube, also known as the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube, is a heat pump with no moving parts. Pressurized gas is injected into a specially designed chamber. The chamber's internal shape, combined with the pressure, accelerates the gas to a high rate of rotation (over 1,000,000 rpm). The gas is split into two streams, one giving kinetic energy to the other, and resulting in separate flows of hot and cold gases.
The vortex tube was invented in 1930 by French physicist Georges J. Ranque. German physicist Rudolf Hilsch improved the design and published a widely read paper in 1945 on the device, which he called a Wirbelröhre (literally, vortex tube).
Vortex tubes have lower efficiency than traditional air conditioning equipment. They are commonly used for inexpensive spot cooling, when compressed air is available. Commercial models are designed for industrial applications to produce a temperature drop of about 80 °F (45 °C).
Another application is for uranium enrichment. South Africa used vortex tubes in their Helikon vortex separation process.
Dave Williams, of Engineers Without Borders, has proposed using vortex tubes to make ice in third-world countries. Although the technique is inefficient, Williams hopes it could yield helpful results in areas where using electricity to create ice is really not an option.
See also
- Windhexe
- Viktor Schauberger (engineer)
References
- G. Ranque, Expériences sur la Détente Giratoire avec Prodctions Simultanées d'un Echappement d'air Chaud et d'un Echappement d'air Froid, J. de Physique et Radium 4(7)(1933) 112S.
- Rudolf Hilsch, The Use of the Expansion of Gases in A Centrifugal Field as Cooling Process, The Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 18(2), 108-1113, (1947). translation of an article in Zeit. Naturwis. 1 (1946) 208.
- H. C. Van Ness, Understanding Thermodynamics, New York: Dover, 1969, starting on page 53. A discussion of the vortex tube in terms of conventional thermodynamics.
- Mark P. Silverman, And Yet it Moves: Strange Systems and Subtle Questions in Physics, Cambridge, 1993, Chapter 6
- C. L. Stong, The Amateur Scientist, London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, 1962, Chapter IX, Section 4, The "Hilsch" Vortex Tube, p514-519.
- J. J. Van Deemter, On the Theory of the Ranque-Hilsch Cooling Effect, Applied Science Research 3, 174-196.
- Saidi, M.H. and Valipour, M.S., "Experimental Modeling of Vortex Tube Refrigerator", J. of Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol.23, pp.1971-1980, 2003.
External links
- [G. J. Ranque's U.S. Patent]
- [http://www.airtxinternational.com/how_vortex_tubes_work.php] - AiRTX International, International manufacturer of Vortex Tubes.
- [Tim Cockerill's pages on the Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube], including his 1995 Cambridge University thesis on the subject, and a mailing list.
- [How to Make Ice Out of Thin Air: Cool Heat Transfer], Daren Fonda, Sep. 4, 2005, Time Magazine. (Requires membership)
- [Oberlin college] physics demo
- [http://www.itwvortec.com/vortex_tubes.php] - ITW Vortec, manufacturer of vortex tubes
- [http://www.exair.com/vortextube/vt_page.htm] - Exair, manufacturer of vortex tubes
- http://www.tinaja.com/glib/elesimp.pdf
- http://www.tinaja.com/glib/hack68.pdf
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