Warsaw concentration camp
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Warsaw concentration camp (German: , short KL Warschau) was a group of German prisons, concentration and extermination camps in occupied Warsaw.
The earliest known official mention of the KL Warschau comes from June 19, 1943 to refer to concentration camp in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto, however it is often used to describe all such camps including those that existed earlier. It is estimated that KL Warschau was operated between autumn 1942 and the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. The first commander of the camp was SS-Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Goecke, former Mauthausen Concentration Camp commander.
IPN estimates number of victims to be "tens of thousands" (mostly Gentile Poles), but refrains from making more precise estimates due to scant evidence. Some other estimates place the number of victims as high as 200,000 people.
Date controversy
The exact date of its creation is unknown. Some historians (Polish Institute of National Remembrance among them) argue that it was created following the orders of SS-Obergruppenführer Oswald Pohl on June 11, 1943. However, others (among them historian and IPN judge Maria Trzcińska) claim that it must have been already operational prior to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The factual basis of this claim is that on October 9, 1942 Heinrich Himmler issued an order in which he stated:
- I've issued orders and requested that all the so-called arms factories workers working only as tailors, furriers or bootmakers be grouped in the nearest concentration camps, that is in Warsaw and Lublin.
Parts
The camp was composed of five parts located in different parts of Warsaw:
- a SS forced labour camp in Koło area
- a death camp near the Warszawa Zachodnia train station
- a Gestapo prison on Pawia Street (known as Pawiak)
- a concentration camp in Gęsia Street (known as Gęsiówka) with a sub-camp for Jews on Nowolipie Street
Methodology of the crime
According to German plans before the Warsaw Uprising, Warsaw was to be turned into a fully German city. To ensure this, the population of the city was to drop from well over a million to less than 500,000 inhabitants. To accomplish this goal all Jews were grouped in the Warsaw Ghetto and then exterminated. The next step was exterminating Gentile population.
Gentile population of Warsaw was initially a target of the łapanka policy, in which the forces of SS, Wehrmacht and police rounded up civilians on a street and took all of them as prisoners. Most of them were either shot or transported to various concentration and death camps. Between 1942 and 1944 there were approximately 400 victims of łapanka in Warsaw daily. Many of the caught were first transferred to the KL Warschau complex.
According to IPN, most people died due to shootings (including by machine guns), physical exhaustion and typhus epidemic. Many others were gassed in gas chambers at Gęsia Street; ater the war, considerable amount of Zyklon B was found there. A relatively small number was also either hanged at the "death wall" at Kolo or tortured to death.
A very controversial point is existance of a gas chamber in a railway tunnel near the Warszawa Zachodnia train station. The tunnel had 630 square meters, enough to kill up to 1,000 people at a time. Gas chambers were typically very small, and using huge tunnel as a gas chamber would be highly atypical and inefficient. It is also unknown if Zyklon-B or carbon monoxide would had been used.
Liquidation and liberation
On July 20, 1944 SS-Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Koppe ordered the complex to be liquidated. Most of the prisoners were killed or transferred to other concentration camps (mostly to Dachau, Gross-Rosen and Ravensbrück). Between July 28 and July 31 four major railway transports left Warsaw. A small group of approximately 360 inmates (mostly Jews from various European countries) was left in Pawiak and Gęsiówka to help in destruction of the evidence. The files of the camp were burnt, the railway tunnel blown up and the prisons were mined.
On August 5, 1944 the Armia Krajowa liberated the camp located in the former Warsaw Ghetto and set free the remaining 360 men and women. Most of them joined the struggle and fought in the Warsaw Uprising.
According to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum website, Warsaw Concentration Camp was liberated in January 1945 by the Soviet troops. According to judge Maria Trzcińska, after the takeover the camp continued to operate as a prison camp under the Soviet NKVD. [link]
References
- () Maria Trzcińska, Obóz zagłady w centrum Warszawy, Polskie Wydawnictwo Encyklopedyczne, Radom 2002, ISBN 8388822160
- () [Informacja o ustaleniach dotyczących Konzentrationslager Warschau] - Institute of National Remembrance, June 2002
- () [Informacja o śledztwie w sprawie KL Warschau] - Institute of National Remembrance, May 2003
See also:
- Pawiak
- Camps in Poland during World War II
- Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles
- Warsaw Uprising
- History of Poland
External links
[KL Warschau (in Polish)]
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