Whitney embedding theorem

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In differential topology, the Whitney embedding theorem states that any smooth (and second-countable) m-dimensional manifold can be smoothly embedded in Euclidean [2m]-space. The fact that this is the strongest theorem for the maximum number of dimensions it takes to smoothly embed such manifolds is apparent in the fact that the real projective space of dimension [m] cannot be embedded into Euclidean ([2m-1])-space.

Contents

1 A little about the proof

1.1 Whitney trick

1.1.1 Other things coming from Whitney trick

2 History
3 See also

A little about the proof

Cases [m=1] and [2] can be done by hand. For [m\ge 3] a general position argument show that there is an immersion [f:M\to\mathbb R^] with transversal self-intersections. Then apply the Whitney trick, i.e. the following procedure which removes self-intersections one by one.

Whitney trick

Suppose [p\in\mathbb R^] is a point of self-intersection and [x,y\in M] such that [f(x)=f(y)=p]. Connect [x] and [y] by a smooth curve

[c:[0,1]\to M]

so that [f\circ c] is a simple closed curve in [\mathbb R^]. Construct an embedding of a [2]-disc [h:D^2\to\mathbb R^] with boundary [f\circ c].

By a general position argument it can be constructed with no self-intersections and with no intersections with [f(M)] (here we use that [m\ge 3]). Then one can deform [f] in a little neighborhood of [h(D^2)] so that the self-intersection disappears. The last statement is very easy to see once you visualize this picture properly.

Other things coming from Whitney trick

The Whitney trick is used to prove h-cobordism theorem; it also shows that two oriented submanifolds of complementary dimensions in a simply connected manifold of dimension [\ge 5] are isotopic to submanifolds such that all points of intersections have the same sign.

History

The occasion of the proof by Hassler Whitney of the embedding theorem for smooth manifolds is said (rather surprisingly) to have been the first complete exposition of the manifold concept (which had been implicit in Riemann's work, Lie group theory, and general relativity for many years), building on Hermann Weyl's book The Idea of a Riemann surface.

Whitney embedding theorem

A little about the proof

Whitney trick

Other things coming from Whitney trick

History

See also