Wisent
Encyclopedia : W : WI : WIS : Wisent
The Wisent or European Bison (Bison bonasus) (IPA: [ˈviːˌzɛnt]) is a bison species and the heaviest land animal in Europe. A typical wisent is about 2.9 m long and 1.8–1.9 m tall, and weighs 300 to 920 kg. It is shorter and less massive than the related American bison (B. bison), and has shorter hair on the neck, head, and forequarters. Wisents are forest-dwelling. They have few predators with only scattered reports from the 1800s of wolf and bear predation. Wisents were first scientifically described by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. Some later descriptions treat the wisent as conspecific with the buffalo. It is not to be confused with the aurochs.
The species is now endangered. In the past they were commonly killed to produce hides and drinking horns especially in the middle ages.
Near-extinction
In Western Europe, wisent were extinct by the 11th century except in the Ardennes, where they lasted into the 14th century. The last wisent in Transylvania died in 1790.
In the east, wisent were legally the property of the Polish kings, Lithuanian princes and Russian Tsars. King Sigismund the Old instituted the death penalty for poaching a wisent in the mid-1500s. Despite these and other measures the wisent population continued to decline over the following four centuries. The last wild wisent in Poland was killed in 1919 and the last wild wisent in the world was killed by poachers 1927 in the Western Caucasus. By that year fewer than 50 remained, all in zoos.
Wisents were re-introduced successfully into the wild beginning in 1951. They are found living free-ranging in forest preserves like Western Caucasus in Russia and Białowieża Forest in Poland and Belarus. Free-ranging herds are found in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Kyrgyzstan. Zoos in 30 countries also have quite a few animals. There were 3000 individuals as of 2000, all descended from only 12 individuals. Because of their limited genetic pool, they are considered highly vulnerable to diseases like foot and mouth disease.
Wisents are now found in the 30km exclusion zone around Chernobyl. As with other animals, it seems that the benefits of removing people from the zone have far outweighed any harm from radiation. [Wildlife deies Chernobyl radiation], by Stefen Mulvey, BBC News
In 1996 the IUCN classified the wisent as endangered.
More details
Wisent have lived as long as 28 years in captivity although in the wild their lifespan is shorter. Productive breeding years are between 4 and 20 years old in females and only between 6 and 12 years old in males. Wisent occupy home ranges of as much as 100 square kilometers and some herds are found to prefer meadows and open areas in forests.
Wisent can cross-breed with American bison. The products of a German interbreeding program were destroyed after the Second World War. This program was related to the impulse which created the Heck cattle. The cross-bred individuals created at other zoos were eliminated from breed books by the 1950s. A Russian back-breeding program resulted in a wild herd of hybrid animals which presently lives in the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve (550 individuals in 1999).
There are also bison-wisent-cattle hybrids. In 1847 a herd of wisent-cattle hybrids named żubroń was created by Leopold Walicki. The animal was to become a durable and cheap alternative to cattle. The experiment was continued by researchers from the Polish Academy of Sciences until the late 1980s. Although the program resulted in a quite successful animal that was both hardy and could be bred in marginal grazing lands, it was eventually discontinued. Currently the only surviving żubroń herd consists of just a few animals in Bialowieza Forest, Poland.
Three sub-species have been identified:
- Lowland bison - Bison bonasus bonasus (Linneus, 1758) – (from Białowieża Forest)
- Hungarian (Carpathian) bison - Bison bonasus hungarorum - extinct
- Caucasus bison - Bison bonasus caucasicus - extinct, although one individual, a bull named Kaukasus was one of the 12 founders of the modern herds
Trivia
- Wisent (Zubr in Slavic languages) is the largest wild animal in Belarus, and it is a national symbol of Belarus today.
- Żubrówka vodka is (indirectly) named after this animal: each bottle contains one 'leaf' of the "bison grass which gives a slighly yellowish colour and a very distinct flavour. This vodka is pobably the most known polish vodka outside of Poland.".
See also
References
- Pucek (2000). [Bison bonasus]. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Listed as Endangered (EN A2ce, C2a v2.3)
External links
- [The reintroduction of Bison into Germany].
- ARKive - [images and movies of the European bison (Bison bonasus)]
- [Bison entry] from Walker's Mammals of the World
- [The Extinction Website - Caucasian European Bison - Bison bonasus caucasicus].
- [The Extinction Website - Carpathian European Bison - Bison bonasus hungarorum].
- [European bison / Wisent]
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Original article here. Support Wikipedia by contributing or donating.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License See Wikipedia Copyrights for details.