Word order

Encyclopedia : W : WO : WOR : Word order

Linguistic typology
Morphological
Analytic
Synthetic
Fusional
Agglutinative
Polysynthetic

Morphosyntactic
Alignment
Nominative-accusative
Ergative-absolutive
Active-stative
Tripartite
Direct-inverse system
Syntactic pivot
Theta role

Word Order
VO languages
Agent Verb Object
Verb Agent Object
Verb Object Agent
OV languages
Agent Object Verb
Object Agent Verb
Object Verb Agent
Time Manner Place
Place Manner Time

Word order, in linguistic typology, refers to the order in which words appear in sentences across different languages. In many languages, changes in word order occur due to topicalization or in questions. However, most languages are generally assumed to have a basic word order. That word order is unmarked. That is, it contains no extra information to the listener. For example, English is SVO (subject-verb-object), as in I don't know this but OSV is also possible: This I don't know. This process is called topic-fronting (or topicalization) and is very common. OSV in English is a marked word order because it emphasises the object.

An example of OSV being used for emphasis:

A: I can't see Alice.

B: What about Bill?

A: Bill I can see. (rather than I can see Bill)

OSV word order is also found in poetry in English.

Sentence word orders

These are all possible word orders for the subject, verb, and object in the order of most common to rarest:

SOV languages include the prototypical Japanese, Turkish, Korean and the Dravidian languages, as well as many others using this most common word order. Some, like Persian, have SOV normal word order but conform less to the general tendencies of other such languages.

*German and Dutch are SOV with V2 word order.

SVO languages include English, French, Chinese, Kiswahili, etc.

*Mandarin is SVO but has many SOV characteristics.

VSO languages include Classical Arabic, the Insular Celtic languages and Hawaiian.

VOS languages include Fijian and Malagasy.

OSV languages include Xavante.

OVS languages include Hixkaryana.

Others, such as Latin and Finnish have no fixed word order (although in Latin SOV is the most frequent word order, and in Finnish SVO is the most frequent one. For Finnish, see Finnish_grammar#Sentence_structure), meaning that the sentence structure is extremely flexible.

It is not understood why word orders with the subject before the object are much more common than word orders with the object before the subject. It must be noted that in most nominative-accusative languages there is the tendency to identify the subject with the topic (who or what is being talked about), and to place the topic at the beginning of the sentence so as to establish the context quickly.

Some languages can be said to have more than one basic word order. French is SVO, but it incorporates or cliticizes objective pronouns before the verb. This makes French SOV in some sentences. However, speaking of a language having a given word order is generally understood as a reference to the basic, unmarked, non-emphatic word order for sentences with constituents expressed by full nouns or noun phrases. In other languages the word order of transitive and intransitive clauses may not correspond. Russian, for example, has SVO transitive clauses but free order (SV or VS) in intransitive clauses.

Phrase word orders and branching

There are several common correlations between sentence-level word order and phrase-level constituent order. For example, SOV languages generally put modifiers (adjectives and adverbs) before what they modify (nouns and verbs), and use postpositions. VSO languages tend to place modifiers after their heads, and use prepositions. For SVO languages, either order is common.

For example, French (SVO) uses prepositions (dans la voiture, à gauche), and places adjectives after (une voiture grande). However, a small class of adjectives generally go before their heads. On the other hand, in English (also SVO) adjectives always go before nouns (a big car), and adverbs can go either way, but initially is more common (greatly improved).

Word order

Sentence word orders

Phrase word orders and branching

Further reading