World political effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks
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September 11, 2001 attacks:
- All Canadian military bases increased their level of security awareness.
- Civilian air traffic over central London was rerouted around the city's airspace and all flights to the United States and Canada were suspended.
- Canada closed its airspace to civilian flights and received diverted international flights originally inbound for the United States
- The European Parliament at Berlemont, United Nations headquarters in New York, and NATO headquarters in Brussels were evacuated.
- NATO activated Article V of the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949, declaring that if the terrorist attack received support by any state, it was an armed attack against the United States and hence was to be considered an armed attack against all the NATO member states. This is the first time in NATO's history that the collective defense obligation in the treaty has been activated.
- The Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, was on an official trip and was staying at a hotel not far from the Pentagon. As a precautionary measure, he was evacuated to a bunker inside the Australian embassy and subsequently moved to the ambassador's residence. He originally was going to address a joint session of US Congress on Wednesday; the joint session address was cancelled but he sat in the gallery of the US house and was acknowledged from there. He was originally to return to Australia by commercial jet; but due to the closure of US airspace he was unable to return by those means. As a result he was flown by the US Air Force to Honolulu, from which he returned to Australia by a special Qantas flight (Qantas was given a special dispensation from the closure of US airspace to take the PM and his party back to Australia.) Upon returning to Australia, Prime Minister Howard announced that Australia considered Article IV of the ANZUS treaty to be applicable to the terrorist attack on the United States.
- Massive swings in opinion polls in Western countries after the attack favored incumbent leaders and governments. In Australia, such a swing was the major factor in the return of the previously unpopular Howard government in the November 2001 election.
- Tens of thousands of Afghans attempt to flee the country following the attack, fearing attack in response by the United States. Pakistan closed its border with Afghanistan on September 17. However, it is already host to two million refugees from the twenty years of war in Afghanistan.
Arab response
Across the Arab world, Arab government-sponsored newspapers were immediately filled with articles "proving" that the attack was actually carried out by "the Jews", "the Zionists", "the Israelis" and even "the Americans". For a great many within the Arab world, this terrorist act was seen as a conspiracy to make the world hate all Arabs, and therefore people perceived to be enemies of the Arabs were blamed. Western-educated Arabs and Muslims in moderate Muslim nations like Turkey were less likely to accept such views. Other Muslim religious leaders held that these attacks were carried out by Al Qaeda, and considered them to be reprehensible acts of terrorism. A third, minority Arab response was recognition that these events were carried out by Al Qaeda, and great approval thereof.
See also
- Collective trauma
- Domestic terrorism
- New York City
- Operation Bojinka
- Osama bin Laden
- Taliban
- Terrorism
- U.S. Department of Defense
External links
- [Information from NATO]
- [More from NATO]
- [THE PANIC: Afghans Rush to Flee, but Pakistan Shuts the Door, New York Times, 9/19/2001]
- [THE ALLIANCE: Russia Condemns Attacks on the U.S. and Vows to Aid NATO, New York Times, 9/14/2001]
- [THE WEB SITES: I.S.P.'s Curb Terrorist Postings and an Anti-Islamic Backlash, New York Times, 9/17/2001]
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