Yao people

Encyclopedia : Y : YA : YAO : Yao people

''This article is about the Yao ethnic group in Asia. For the unrelated Yao people and language of Malawi, Tanzania and Mozambique, see WaYao.

The Yao nationality (瑶族, Pinyin: Yáo zú; Vietnamese: người Dao) is a government classification for various minorities in China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, where they reside in the mountainous terrain of the southwest and south. And they form one of the 54 ethnic groups officially recognized by Vietnam. In the last census, they numbered 2,637,421 in China, and roughly 470,000 in Vietnam.

Contents

1 Groups and languages
2 Written languages
3 Religion
4 References
5 Films
6 External links

Groups and languages

There are several distinct groups within the Yao nationality, and they speak several different languages, from different language families:

Miao-Yao languages
* The Mien speak Mienic languages (Chinese: Miǎnyǔ 勉语) , including:
** Mian-Jin languages
*** Iu Mien, 818,685 speakers (383,000 in China, 350,000 in Vietnam, 40,000 in Thailand, 20,250 in Laos, 70,000 in the United States) [link]
*** Kim Mun (also known as Lanten), more than 300,000 Yao people [link]
*** Biao Mon, 20,000 speakers [link]
** Dzao Min, 60,000 speakers [link]
** Biao-Jiao Mien, 43,000 speakers [link]
* Miao or Hmong languages
** Bunu, 258,000 speakers [link]
** Wunai Bunu, 18,442 speakers.[link]
** Younuo Bunu, 9,716 speakers [link]
** Jiongnai Bunu, 1,078 speakers also known as the 'Flowery Blue Yao' [link]
** Some linguists group the above languages - with a total of more than 287,000 speakers - together as dialects of a single Bunu language (Bùnǔyǔ 布努语).
Tai-Kadai languages
* Lakkia (Lājiāyǔ 拉珈语), 12,000 speakers[link]
Chinese
* about 500,000 Yao speak Chinese dialects

In addition to China, populations of Yao also live in Northern Vietnam (where they are called Dao), Northern Laos, and Myanmar. There are around 60,000 Yao in Northern Thailand, where they are one of the six main hill tribes. The lowland-living Lanten of Laos, who speak Kim Mun, and the highland-living Iu Mien of Laos are two different Yao groups. There are also many Yao living in the United States, mainly refugees from the highlands of Laos who speak the Iu Mien language. The Iu Mien do not call themselves "Yao". Not all "Yao" are Iu Mien.

A group of 61,000 people on the island of Hainan speak the Yao language Kim Mun, but see themselves as Miao (Hmong), and they are also officially categorized as Miao by the Chinese Government. 139,000 speakers of Kim Mun live in other parts of China (Yunnan and Guangxi), and 174,500 live in Laos and Vietnam.[link]

The Bunu call themselves Nuox [no13], Buod nuox [po43 no13], Dungb nuox [tuŋ33 no13] or according to their official name Yaof zuf [ʑau21 su21]. Only 258,000 of the 439,000 people categorised as Bunu in the 1982 census speak Bunu; 100,000 speak Zhuang, and 181,000 speak Chinese and Bouyei.

Written languages

After the Eleventh Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Guangxi Nationality Institute and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences together created a new Yao writing system which was unified with the research results of the Yao-American scholar Yuēsè Hòu 约瑟·候. The writing system was finalized at a one-day conference in 1984 in Ruyan County, Guangdong, which included Chinese professors Pan Chengqian 盘承乾, Deng Fanggui 邓方贵, Liu Baoyuan 刘保元, Su Defu 苏德富 and Yauz Mengh Borngh; Chinese government officials; Mien Americans Sengfo Chao (Zhao Fuming), Kao Chiem Chao (Zhao Youcai), and Chua Meng Chao; United States Linguist Herbert C. Purnell, who developed [what?] and Yao Seng Deng from Thailand. The US delegation took the new writing system to the Iu Mien community in the United States where it was adopted with a vote of 78 to 7 by a conference of Mien American community leaders.[link] This writing system based on the Latin alphabet was designed to be pan-dialectal; it distinguishes 30 syllable initials, 121 syllable finals and eight tones.

For an example of how the unified alphabet is used to write Iu Mien, a common Yao language, see Iu Mien language.

There is a separate written standard for Bunu, since it is from the Hmong/Miao side, rather than the Mien/Yao side, of the Miao-Yao languages family.

Officially illiteracy and semi-literacy among the Yao in China still stands at 40.6%, as of 2002.[link]

Religion

The Yao have a religion based on medieval Chinese Taoism, although many have converted to Buddhism and some to Christianity.

References

Máo Zōngwǔ 毛宗武: Yáozú Miǎnyǔ fāngyán yánjiū 瑶族勉语方言研究 (Studies in Mien dialects of the Miao nationality; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 2004), ISBN 7-105-06669-5.
Méng Cháojí 蒙朝吉: Hàn-Yáo cídiǎn - Bùnǔyǔ 汉瑶词典——布努语 (Chinese-Miao Dictionary - Bunu; Chéngdū 成都, Sìchuān mínzú chūbǎnshè 四川民族出版社 1996), ISBN 7-5409-1745-8.
Barker, Judith C., and Kaochoy Saechao. "A Household Survey of Older Iu-Mien Refugees in Rural California." Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 12.2 (1997): 121-143.
Barker, Judith C. & Saechao, Kaochoy. (2000). A demographic survey of Iu-Mien in West Coast States of the U.S., 1993. Journal of Immigrant Health, 2:1, 31-42.

Films

2003 - [Death of a Shaman]. Directed by Richard Hall.

External links

[The Virtual Hilltribe Museum]
[The Yao ethnic minority] (on a Chinese government website)
[Yao religious culture] - bibliography by Barend ter Haar
[Yao People On-line] - in Chinese
[The Mien]

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