Yeong-yang of Goguryeo
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King Yeong-yang of Goguryeo (r. 590-618) was the 26th king of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the eldest son of King Pyeongwon (r. 559-590).
He is noted for repelling a series of invasions by the Chinese Sui Dynasty between 598 to 614, known as the Goguryeo-Sui Wars. He fended off four Sui campaigns by Emperors Wendi and Yangdi, including the great assault of 612, during which more than a million troops invaded Goguryeo territory.
The Samguk Sagi relates that Yeong-yang was of unsurpassed charisma and had a magnanimous character, and "made it his undertaking to relieve the sufferings of the world and bring peace to the people" (Samguk Sagi, "Annals of Goguryeo", vol. 19). He was named Crown Prince by his father in 566, and he assumed the throne when the king died in 590.
King Yeong-yang's reign took place in the context of heightened rivalry among the Korean Three Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, as well as the unification of China by the Sui and the growing ambitions of that power. Initially Yeong-yang enjoyed cordial relations with Sui, receiving from the Sui emperor Wendi his enfeoffment as king of Goguryeo and attendant "offices and ranks" by tradition granted by Chinese dynasties to tribute monarchs.
In 598 however the Sui emperor grew incensed by a Goguryeo armed incursion into the Liaodong peninsula, a region claimed by Sui. It was largely this affront, combined with Sui's own geopolitical ambitions to reestablish the hegemony enjoyed by the Han Dynasty, that induced Wendi to launch a largescale invasion of Goguryeo in 598. The 598 Sui invasion was foiled by the weather (a severe storm wreaked havoc on the would-be invasion fleet). In 607 Emperor Yangdi discovered that Goguryeo was in contact with Qimin 啓民 (?-609), khan of the Eastern Turks, another ostensible vassal state to the Sui. This convinced Yangdi to launch another campaign against the recalitrant Goguryeo. This too Goguryeo was able to resist.
In 614 Yangdi issued orders for another campaign against Goguryeo and it is related that at this prospect King Yeong-yang grew frightened and sent an emissary offering his submission, even handing back a high level Sui defector to the emperor. Sui Yangdi was temporarily appeased but when Yeong-yang failed to appear at the Sui court in formal submission another invasion was planned, offset only by domestic turmoil and the subsequent fall of the Sui in 618. That same year saw the death of Yeong-yang, and he was succeeded by his half-brother Yeongnyu.
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